GIATMARA Machang

_MEASAT

2010-04-20T22:38:00.016+08:00

(dll) Double Execution or Remote Script Execution?
- Unicode Compression (ISO/IEC) MPEG-2 & Frame Rate between Unicode Compression (ISO/IEC) MPEG4 & Frame Rate
- \\::1 (Unicode Engine)
- Bypass ">"
- %20 bypass 0 distingused as O then Unicode looking for 1 equal HTML %2025 or &'nbsp;($.125)
- Shift is one of the computer scancode or order for cpu intterupt (distingused)

Video Compression Technology

At its most basic level, compression is performed when an input video stream is analyzed and information that is indiscernible to the viewer is discarded. Each event is then assigned a code - commonly occurring events are assigned few bits and rare events will have codes more bits. These steps are commonly called signal analysis, quantization and variable length encoding respectively. There are four methods for compression, discrete cosine transform (DCT), vector quantization (VQ), fractal compression, and discrete wavelet transform (DWT).

Discrete cosine transform is a lossy compression algorithm that samples an image at regular intervals, analyzes the frequency components present in the sample, and discards those frequencies which do not affect the image as the human eye perceives it. DCT is the basis of standards such as JPEG, MPEG, H.261, and H.263. We covered the definition of both DCT and wavelets in our tutorial on Wavelets Theory.

Vector quantization is a lossy compression that looks at an array of data, instead of individual values. It can then generalize what it sees, compressing redundant data, while at the same time retaining the desired object or data stream's original intent.

Fractal compression is a form of VQ and is also a lossy compression. Compression is performed by locating self-similar sections of an image, then using a fractal algorithm to generate the sections.

Source:
In computing, multitasking is a method by which multiple tasks, also known as processes, share common processing resources such as a CPU. In the case of a computer with a single CPU, only one task is said to be running at any point in time, meaning that the CPU is actively executing instructions for that task. Multitasking solves the problem by scheduling which task may be the one running at any given time, and when another waiting task gets a turn. The act of reassigning a CPU from one task to another one is called a context switch. When context switches occur frequently enough the illusion of parallelism is achieved. Even on computers with more than one CPU (called multiprocessor machines), multitasking allows many more tasks to be run than there are CPUs.

Operating systems may adopt one of many different scheduling strategies, which generally fall into the following categories:

In multiprogramming systems, the running task keeps running until it performs an operation that requires waiting for an external event (e.g. reading from a tape) or until the computer's scheduler forcibly swaps the running task out of the CPU. Multiprogramming systems are designed to maximize CPU usage.
In time-sharing systems, the running task is required to relinquish the CPU, either voluntarily or by an external event such as a hardware interrupt. Time sharing systems are designed to allow several programs to execute apparently simultaneously. The expression 'time sharing' was usually used to designate computers shared by interactive users at terminals, such as IBM's TSO, and VM/CMS
In real-time systems, some waiting tasks are guaranteed to be given the CPU when an external event occurs. Real time systems are designed to control mechanical devices such as industrial robots, which require timely processing.

Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_multitasking

Electromagnatic Radiation

Humor:
Astronaut Cooking Book - http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~lazzaro/sa/book/tut/index.html

Malaysia, Japan advance partnership in energy security

2010-04-19T21:11:00.001+08:00

By Fauziah Ismail in Tokyo, Japan

MALAYSIA and Japan are to jointly undertake some 20 projects under the Japan-Malaysia Cooperation Initiative for Environment and Energy to further advance cooperation between both countries in the two areas.

Of the total, 11 will be environment-based while the remaining nine are for energy conservation and renewable energy.

Under the Initiative, Japan will assist Malaysia in the drafting a master plan and a concrete action plan to promote a waste reduction policy. It will also support the establishment of a recycling system of waste and electronics in Malaysia. Japan is noted as an advanced nation for recycling system of waste and electronics recycle services with its Home Appliance Recycling Law.

Source:
http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/NST/articles/20100419194602/Article/index_html

Electromagnatic Radiation

2010-04-19T07:27:00.004+08:00

Noise cancellation technology is a growing field that capitalizes on the combination of disparate technological advancements. The purpose of the technology is to cancel or at least minimize unwanted sounds. Modern lives seem full of all sorts of noisenoisenoise, some of which are dangerous to our ears. In fact, many people, especially those who live and work in cities, have very little quiet time during the day.

Source:
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-noise-cancellation.htm

Year 2004 Internet Wireless Speed

Cycling while talking on the phone already has risks; perhaps the exposure to the electronic non-ionizing radiation from the cellphone is harmful, too. Over at TreeHugger, we looked at the possible dangers in general from cellphones, microwaves and Wi-Fi.

The precautionary principle suggests that "when an activity raises threats of harm to human health or the environment, precautionary measures should be taken even if some cause and effect relationships are not fully established scientifically." Given the confused state of the science around this subject, perhaps we should all take a few precautionary steps. The U.K.-based magazine The Ecologist suggests a few:

1. Disable the wireless transmitter on your family's laptop computer via the software, and use a hardwired connection.

2. Remove as many microwave devices from your home as possible, and investigate wired alternatives.

3. Aim to use your cellular phone for as short a time as possible.

The Safe Wireless Initiative is much more explicit and detailed:1. Minimize all exposure and usage of wireless communication, such as cell phones, cordless phones, and Wi-Fi devices.

2. Turn off your cell phone when it's not in use and when you're sleeping. Never keep it near your head or use it to play games or watch movies.

3. Keep your cell phone at least 6-to-7 inches away from your body while it's on or when you're talking, texting, and downloading.

4. Use air-tube headsets or speaker mode when you're talking. Wireless and wired headsets still conduct radiation.

5. Never keep your cell phone in your pocket, purse, back or on your hip all day. The hip produces 80 percent of the body's red blood cells and is especially vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation (EMR) damage. Close proximity may also affect fertility.

6. Do not talk on a cell or cordless phone if you're pregnant, with a baby/small child in your arms, under 16 years of age, or while in a vehicle (that includes cars, trains, and subways). Radiation gets trapped and is higher in these closed metal zones. Minimize other EMR exposures to developing fetus via ultrasounds and Electronic Fetal Monitoring, unless absolutely necessary.

7. Replace all cordless and Wi-Fi items with wired, corded lines (such as phones, Internet, games, appliances, and other devices). The cordless phone base emits high levels of EMR-even when no one is making a call.

8. Minimize/space out computer use, sit back from your screen (flat screens are preferable). Use wired Internet connections, not Wi-Fi, especially for laptops. Keep laptops off your body and away from any metal surfaces.

9. Keep a low-EMR sleep, home, and personal zone. Move your alarm clock radio at least 3 feet from your head or use battery power-6 feet is the recommended distance from all electronic devices during sleep. Avoid waterbeds, electric blankets and metal bed frames. Futons/wood frames are better than metal-coiled mattresses and box-springs.

10. When using electric stoves, cook on back burners instead of front, as much as possible. Metals attract EMR, so keep them away from and off of the body. Use glass, cast-iron, and uncoated pans to cook with.

11. Measure EMR from wireless and wired devices with appropriate meters. To decrease exposures, install EMR filters and preventive technologies to electrical circuits, devices, and appliances.

Source:
http://planetgreen.discovery.com/food-health/reduce-your-risks-from-cellpho.html

IPV6 Problem - Teory

2010-04-19T04:48:00.017+08:00

Positional of htmlspeacialcharacter

IPV6 Problem:
- The Network Data is upload to the computer through TCP (127.0.0.1) then Network Data will be translate by the dll and regedit through \\::1 which cause the Network Data Stack example "<" , "[" and "|" or also calle EXO.

Another Example:

Keyboard or Scancode -> Server send a symbol 101 Scancode "@" -> Regedit \\::1 -> translator engine (Unicode or 102 International Code) -> Converted MD5 ISO Programming, it also look like "@" -> CPU Intterupt or Double Execution "Positional zero dintingused as O" Mysql EOF or BOF -> it will manfest or become another scancode example "%2025" -> it will responsewrite; twice in the webpage. In other word, the process (cpu intterput) has to be done twice because of the Alias is below the colon, zero "Positional".

What is Positional notation?
Visit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positional_notation

What is Numeral System?
Visit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeral_system

Example the Cpu Intterupt causing the spider do twice work:

Note: US Digital Millennium Copyright Act "Echo or Responsewrite" Twice

Cpu 8085 attack Cpu 8086 Reset Javascript rapishare waiting time "zero dintingused as O" ie vulnerability.

Another Example:

Scancode and Unicode Loop (IIS or Executeable Program)

- Unicode Symbol GOMplayer "Backspace or ~"
- Scancode (Keyboard or CPU Intterupt) "Shift" + "[ "+ Without Shift "]" (AB Repeat)
- Unicode Symbol "Space or Play"

The Movie become Loop just like the Google Spider US Digital Millennium Copyright Act Above.

China: Hacker Schools Become Big Business

2010-04-18T19:04:00.002+08:00

Hope
China: Hacker Schools Become Big Business
By Matthew Harwood
08/05/2009 - Long known as a prominent source of cyberattacks worldwide, China has seen the emergence of online training schools that teach students the skills necessary to either be a network defender or a cybercriminal.

These "hacker schools," as they're known, are also big business, generating $34.8 million last year, reports China Daily

Source:
http://www.securitymanagement.com/news/china-hacker-schools-become-big-business-006017

Kiasan

2010-04-18T00:39:00.001+08:00

Tun Tuah (Neolitik)

Mai Baca - 17 April 2010

2010-04-17T16:59:00.004+08:00

Lima kali mohon KPLI tak dilayan

SAYA kecewa dengan pengurusan Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia (KPM) yang tidak prihatin kepada pemohon seperti saya yang memohon Kursus Perguruan Lepasan Ijazah (KPLI) sejak 2002 sehingga 2010 dan tidak pernah diberi peluang menunjukkan kemampuan saya untuk menjadi guru.

Apa yang menyedihkan tahun ini saya tidak dipanggil menduduki ujian MTest pada 13 Mac dan 27 Mac lalu (untuk calon rayuan) sedangkan ia tahun terakhir saya layak memohon kerana antara syarat layak KPLI ialah umur tidak melebihi 35 tahun pada tarikh kemasukan ke maktab perguruan.

Source:
http://www.bharian.com.my/bharian/articles/LimakalimohonKPLItakdilayan/Article

Wahai ibu bapa, jenguklah anak di IPT

Mengapa ada yang sanggup membuang bayi? Tidakkah bayi itu harus disayangi selepas bersusah payah mengandung selama sembilan bulan.

Adakah sanggup bayi yang terhasil daripada kasih sayang dua insan itu dibiarkan diratah anjing liar atau digilis kenderaan? Manusia jenis apakah yang sanggup melakukan perbuatan keji dan kejam itu?

Itu kata saya, kata anda dan kata kita semua apabila setiap kali berita mengenai pembuangan bayi mengisi dada akhbar dan ruangan utama berita.

Berdasarkan statistik yang dikeluarkan Menteri Pembangunan Wanita, Keluarga dan Masyarakat, Datuk Seri Shahrizat Abdul Jalil, Selangor berada pada kedudukan tertinggi di negara ini dengan mencatatkan kes pembuangan bayi sepanjang lima tahun belakangan ini, iaitu sebanyak 105 kes, manakala bagi penderaan bayi dan kanak-kanak, Selangor juga merangkul kedudukan nombor satu.

Saya boleh mengandaikan mengapa Selangor begitu galak dalam kes ini, selain menjadi tumpuan belia seluruh negara bekerja mencari rezeki, negeri ini juga mempunyai jumlah pekerja asing yang tidak sedikit bilangannya. Namun begitu di negeri lain juga mempunyai bilangan kes yang begitu membimbangkan. Di Terengganu, walaupun hanya berlaku lima kes pembuangan bayi dan 168 kes penderaan bayi dan kanak-kanak, tetapi senario itu sudah cukup membimbangkan.

Source:
http://www.harakahdaily.net/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26031:-wahai-ibu-bapa-jenguklah-anak-di-ipt&catid=27:surat-pembaca&Itemid=46

'Najib dianggap antara pemenang dapat temui Obama'

2010-04-17T01:40:00.001+08:00

SIDANG Kemuncak Keselamatan Nuklear di sini menghasilkan beberapa 'pemenang' dan seorang daripada mereka ialah Perdana Menteri, Datuk Seri Najib Razak kerana diberi penghormatan berbincang secara persendirian dengan Presiden Barack Obama.

Ia pandangan Al Kamen, penulis akhbar berpengaruh The Washington Post dalam kolum ‘In The Loop’ selepas sehari sidang kemuncak itu berakhir kelmarin.

Source:
http://www.bharian.com.my/bharian/articles/NajibdianggapantarapemenangdapattemuiObama_/Article/index_html

United States and Malaysia Research (Islam Imej)

2010-04-16T14:14:00.004+08:00

PM saran institusi strategik AS, Malaysia bergabung jalan kajian bersama

DATUK Seri Najib Razak mencadangkan dua institusi kajian strategik terkemuka Amerika Syarikat (AS) dan Malaysia bergabung menjalankan kajian untuk membetulkan persepsi mengenai Islam, khasnya di Asia Tenggara.

Source:
http://www.bharian.com.my/bharian/articles/KerjasamaperbetulimejIslam/Article/

Favourite Screenshot

2010-04-11T11:36:00.003+08:00

Favourite Screenshot

2010-04-11T00:04:00.003+08:00

Favourite Screenshot (Google Craked)

2010-04-07T23:59:00.003+08:00

Laugh of the day:

Cause : Double Execution UTF & Unicode

Why Google Craked?

Internet (Wold wide web) is document that compile in your hardisk and it's craked by anonymous person called Neo (matrix).

Tenezo.com Hacked

Cause: I login my account

Joke : I become Admin at Tenezo.com

Favourite Screenshot & Video (Moon & Aurora)

2010-04-06T05:02:00.009+08:00

Focused : Half Moon (Separuh Bulan)
Date: 25 March 2010
Time: 6:47:36 PM

Focused : Half Moon (Separuh Bulan)
Date: 6 April 2010
Time: 2:29:50 AM

Focused : Aurora
Date: 7 April 2010
Time: 7:19:30 PM

Write This Down : Sun, Moon, Sea (Aurora)

Recorded Video:

Date: 28 Febuary 2010
Time: 8:27:06 PM

Date: 7 April 2010
Time: 7:19:04 PM

Problem

2010-04-05T18:45:00.009+08:00

Anti Mosquito Software v1.0 This program produces sound in the range of 16000Hz to 20000Hz (22 to 44 Hz Bird Control - home router to 802.11n 20 - 40 Mhz ) which is beyond the audiable range of humans pests and other animals can though hear the same. this sound produces an undesirable effect on mosquitos and other pests thus restrains them from flying.nge of humans pests and other animals can though hear the same. this sound produces an undesirable effect on mosquitos and other pests thus restrains them from flying. DO NOT DOWNLOAD THIS.

Please donate if you find this usefull:
MUHD KHAIRI RIJAL BIN FAROUK
BANK : MAYBANK BERHAD
BRANCH : GUA MUSANG
SWIFT CODE : MBBEMYKL
MAYBANK ACCOUNT NUMBER: 103043011939

2010-03-30T05:20:00.003+08:00

The Act. The Act means the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 651 et seq.). The definitions contained in section 3 of the Act (29 U.S.C. 652) and related interpretations apply to such terms when used in this Part 1904.

Establishment. An establishment is a single physical location where business is conducted or where services or industrial operations are performed. For activities where employees do not work at a single physical location, such as construction; transportation; communications, electric, gas and sanitary services; and similar operations, the establishment is represented by main or branch offices, terminals, stations, etc. that either supervise such activities or are the base from which personnel carry out these activities.

United States : http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=12790

Malaysia : http://www.dosh.gov.my/Informasi/Akta/AktaKeselamatan.pdf

Banginda Yang Dipertuan Agong (2006 - Now)

Another Favourite Screenshot

2010-03-29T23:01:00.010+08:00

- Paleolithic (from Greek: (paleo-) "old" + (lithos) "stone") Ben hur 1959 (award wining academy 1990 -1993 film)
- 2.52 am and 2.52pm (sun, steam, cloud, rain)
- 3.047 meter = 1 feet
- 1048.567 bytes = 1 megabyte
- 220W (Europe) and 240W (Asia)

New Favourite Screenshot

2010-03-25T08:46:00.001+08:00

2010-03-24T08:10:00.002+08:00

Favourite Screenshot

2010-03-18T09:39:00.010+08:00

- Record Talking

Notes to programmer and webmaster : 1Malaysia Defense is kind over :)

2010-03-15T15:33:00.002+08:00

Safe programming is back as original before 2006, hope all come down and happy programming, and please do close you mysqlcon() to make sure your mysql injection not happen.

Note :
Always check W3C Validator and the htmlcharactersymbol

See ya

Notes to programmer and webmaster : 1Malaysia Defense :)

2009-12-07T14:13:00.004+08:00

- Change your Numeric IP in webpage (proxy) into image - not bot can collect and flood your server
- Change your email in webpage to image avoid spam bot collecting - Sock or Layered Service Provider (LSP) upgraded ipv4 - ipv6 (application bug)
- Make sure your coding is in charset=UTF-8 (ISO/IEC 17025) W3C Compliance
- When your registering a domain or subdomain please make sure your own ip not the isp ip (ipv4)
- Make sure your numeric domain changed to alphabetic
- If you use xammp web server find the httpd (ipv6 layered)and change the "DocumentRoot"

Notes to Google Staff - Please reprogram the language so it can be selected like the user want
example:
language = en ****\ English
If lang="en" then
echo "but"
else
echo "tapi";

Peace

Enable Your XAMPP Server

2009-12-07T00:52:00.005+08:00

- Restart your Windows Vista in safe mode
- Open C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts
- Type "127.0.0.1 yourcomputername/index.php"
- restart Windows in Normal Mode
- restart your server with ipv6 compatible
- register your ip address as alphabetic
- Serve your webpage instantly!

Notes : your windows services will disable or slow by default example indexing

Good Luck!

An Installed Layered Service Provider (LSP) is malfunctioning

2009-12-06T04:23:00.004+08:00

- Open Internet Explorer Browser
- Click the Remove the malfunctioning network component
- Restart Operating System

Sistem operasi Windows terbaru

2009-11-07T13:19:00.002+08:00

TIDAK lama lagi pengguna komputer boleh menggunakan perisian Microsoft Windows terbaru menggantikan Windows Vista dan XP. Bagi meningkatkan lagi prestasi pemprosesan komputer, Microsoft melancarkan perisian terkini Window 7 minggu lepas.

Buat masa ini Microsoft akan menjalinkan usahasama dengan rakan kongsi di negara ini seperti Intel, Dell, HP, Toshiba, Lenovo dan Asus dalam membangunkan sistem operasi.

Sambung.......

How to Solder

2009-10-13T06:02:00.002+08:00

First a few safety precautions:

Never touch the element or tip of the soldering iron. They are very hot (about 400°C) and will give you a nasty burn.
Take great care to avoid touching the mains flex with the tip of the iron. The iron should have a heatproof flex for extra protection. An ordinary plastic flex will melt immediately if touched by a hot iron and there is a serious risk of burns and electric shock.
Always return the soldering iron to its stand when not in use. Never put it down on your workbench, even for a moment!
Work in a well-ventilated area. The smoke formed as you melt solder is mostly from the flux and quite irritating. Avoid breathing it by keeping you head to the side of, not above, your work.
Wash your hands after using solder. Solder contains lead which is a poisonous metal.

If you are unlucky (or careless!) enough to burn yourself please read the First Aid section.

Preparing the soldering iron:

Place the soldering iron in its stand and plug in. The iron will take a few minutes to reach its operating temperature of about 400°C.
Dampen the sponge in the stand. The best way to do this is to lift it out the stand and hold it under a cold tap for a moment, then squeeze to remove excess water. It should be damp, not dripping wet.
Wait a few minutes for the soldering iron to warm up. You can check if it is ready by trying to melt a little solder on the tip.
Wipe the tip of the iron on the damp sponge. This will clean the tip.
Melt a little solder on the tip of the iron. This is called 'tinning' and it will help the heat to flow from the iron's tip to the joint. It only needs to be done when you plug in the iron, and occasionally while soldering if you need to wipe the tip clean on the sponge.

You are now ready to start soldering:

Hold the soldering iron like a pen, near the base of the handle. Imagine you are going to write your name! Remember to never touch the hot element or tip.
Touch the soldering iron onto the joint to be made. Make sure it touches both the component lead and the track. Hold the tip there for a few seconds and...
Feed a little solder onto the joint. It should flow smoothly onto the lead and track to form a volcano shape as shown in the diagram. Apply the solder to the joint, not the iron.
Remove the solder, then the iron, while keeping the joint still. Allow the joint a few seconds to cool before you move the circuit board.
Inspect the joint closely. It should look shiny and have a 'volcano' shape. If not, you will need to reheat it and feed in a little more solder. This time ensure that both the lead and track are heated fully before applying solder.

If you are unlucky (or careless!) enough to burn yourself please read the First Aid section.

Using a heat sink
Some components, such as transistors, can be damaged by heat when soldering so if you are not an expert it is wise to use a heat sink clipped to the lead between the joint and the component body. You can buy a special tool, but a standard crocodile clip works just as well and is cheaper.

September 18 2009 - Activity

2009-09-19T00:28:00.000+08:00

Test Your PSU's Voltage Rails With A Multimeter

2009-09-19T00:14:00.007+08:00

The best way to get the most accurate readings from your PSU is to use a multimeter. Hardware monitors, and BIOS will not give you TRUE real voltages on those 3 main voltage lines. Many people still rely on means of software, such as MBM, Speedfan, and the BIOS, but these are all very unreliable.

More about software/bios readings on the rails:

In order for the software to read your PSU's rails, or lines of voltage required to run your computer properly, a chip on your motherboard needs to read these voltages. There is usually resistance between the PSU and the monitoring chip on the motherboard. According to a motherboard monitoring software, an 12-volt Rail can be way under spec. You want your voltage to be within 4%. So you want your 12-volt rail to be within 11.52 to 12.48 during load. This means when you are running your CPU at 100% you do not want to drop below 11.52 or you may experience stability problems including but not limited to system restarts and Windows crashes. For the 5-volt rail, you want it to be within 4.8 to 5.2 to be within the 4% range. As for the 3.3 volt rail, you want it to be within 3.17 to 3.43.

What are RAILs?

Rails are the above mentioned voltage lines coming from your PSU to your motherboard and devices in your motherboard. The 3.3-volt and 5-volt generally power the devices like the motherboard, PCI slots, AGP slot, etc. The 12-volt is usually used for things with motors like the hard drives, CD-ROM, fans, etc.

What's a multimeter / voltmeter?

A multimeter is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several functions in one unit. The most basic instruments include an ammeter, voltmeter, and ohmmeter.

A multimeter can be a handheld device useful for basic fault finding and field service work or a bench instrument which can measure to seven or eight and a half digits of accuracy. Such an instrument will commonly be found in a calibration lab and can be used to characterize resistance and voltage standards or adjust and verify the performance of multi-function calibrators.

The 1st pic is a Digital Multimeter, and the 2nd is an Analog Multimeter:

Preparations:

CAUTION: This test involves using probes with the computer ON. Please only do this if you feel competent enough to be dealing with electricity. If you short rails, you could risk damaging the PSU and possibly your components. I cannot be held responsible if something goes wrong, this is merely a guide. If you feel any concern, please post BEFORE doing this, and we will be glad to help.

If you are afraid of doing such a thing and you are not sure what any of this guide means, I encourage you to NOT do this. Electricity is dangerous and can kill you in a heartbeat. Remember this is only a thread, what informs you, on how to do this. If you aren't sure of what you doing, DON'T DO IT.

Firstly, you will have to set up the multimeter to read the voltages you will be measuring. You should be able to move a dial on the multimeter. You want to move this to the number 20 (like this), in the section which relates to DC voltage. This is usually represented by THIS symbol.
Put The Black probe into the 'COM' plug on the multimeter. The Red probe should be placed in voltage detection plug.
DO NOT insert the probe into the 'current detection' plug, which on cheaper MM's usually has a '10A max or 10ADC' Label.

More preparations:

The first thing you want to do is download Prime95. Download it here. Prime95 is used to put your system at full load. You want your system at full load when checking your voltages to ensure your PSU is up to spec. The whole point is to make sure your PSU can handle what your system asks of it. This can only be done by stressing your system during the voltage test.

Now you want to shut down your system and then open the side so you have access to your AUS and a Molex plug. How to test with the Molex plug is discussed later in the guide. Lay your computer on it's side during this test or this will be more difficult than necessary.
Locate a free 4 pin Molex Connector, although you can test the back of molex connectors, if you have non spare, it just might be a bit more akward.
Locate the AUX connector:

And pull these into an area free from any clutter, so they are accessible for the probes on your multimeter. This may be a good time to do some cable rearrangement.

Measuring the VOLTAGEs:

Time to start. You want to observe these 3 voltages in all states. So you will have to set up the probes BEFORE you turn the PC on, because you want to observe the voltages for.

* POST
* Boot
* Windows Start up
* System at Idle
* System at Load
* Shutting Down

That is the problem with most PSU measuring guides, they test the PSU externally, with only the load of maybe a few fans, which does NOT give any real kind of indication on how the PSU copes powering a computer. So, set up each of these measuring, and observe/record the voltages at each stage as listed above. Ideally, they should not go above or below the rated voltage, though no component is perfect, which is why there is an ATX specification, which sets parameters for each voltage.

It is my opinion though, that any PSU which falls close to the min ATX spec, needs replacing.
Another Purpose of these rail tests are to find out how much your rails fluctuate, and if they do a lot, even if they stay within ATX spec, id suggest replacement. Clean, Stable voltage is just as Important as enough Voltage.

STEP 1: Measuring The 12V Rail

For this you just need the 4-pin Molex. Insert the red probe into the yellow 12v connector, and the black probe into any black Ground connector on the Molex:

STEP 2: Measuring The 5V Rail

For this you just need again the 4-pin Molex. Insert the red probe into the red 5v connector, and the black probe into any black Ground connector on the molex:

STEP 3: Measuring The 3.3V Rail

For this you will need the a.> AUX Connector Only, OR b.> a combination of the AUX and 4-pin Molex.
Insert the red probe into either one of the two orange 3.3v connectors on the AUX connector
Insert the black probe into any of the black ground connectors on the AUX connector, or the 4-pin Molex connector.

Note: Some people may struggle to insert the probe into the aux connector like is pictured, but you can also test the rail via the back of the connector.

method1: Using Just AUX Connector:

method2: Using AUX and 4-pin Molex:

Another way of testing this is in the DriverHeaven's Guide, their method is involving the 20pin Motherboard plug and a Molex Plug.

method3: Using 20pin plug:

More info about using the 20pin method, relating that you can measure the 3.3v,5v,12v from that single 20pin plug:

Orange, Red and then Yellow. 3.3, 5 and 12 volts respectively.

Make sure you have the multimeter on the correct setting if it is not auto-switching. I put mine on DC or Direct Current and on the "20" volt setting where you will get the most accurate results in this range.
Between each Rail testing you should have the appropriate voltage range on the multimeter. For example if you are testing the 12-volt rail (Yellow wire) then your voltage should be in the 12 volt range. Double check and make sure you have your multimeter.

September 17 2009 - Activity

2009-09-17T15:42:00.001+08:00

Manually Test a Power Supply With a Multimeter

2009-09-17T15:28:00.004+08:00

Read Important PC Repair Safety Tips. Manually testing a power supply involves working closely with high voltage electricity. Important: Do not skip this step! Safety should be your primary concern during a power supply test and there are several points you should be aware of before starting this process.

Open your case. In short, this involves turning off the computer, removing the power cable and unplugging anything else connecting to the outside of your computer. To make testing your power supply easier, you should also move your disconnected and open case somewhere easy to work like on a table or other flat, non-static surface.

Unplug the power connectors from each and every internal device. Tip: An easy way to confirm that each power connector is unplugged is to work from the bundle of power cables coming from the power supply inside the PC. Each group of wires should terminate to one or more power connectors. Note: There is no need to remove the actual power supply unit from the computer nor is there any reason to disconnect any data cables or other cables not originating from the power supply.

Group all of the power cables and connectors together for easy testing. As you're organizing the power cables, I highly recommend rerouting them and pulling them as far away from the computer case as possible. This will make it as easy as possible to test the power supply connections.

Short out pins 15 and 16 on the 24-pin motherboard power connector with a small piece of wire. You'll probably need to take a look at the ATX 24 pin 12V Power Supply Pinout table to determine the locations of these two pins.

Confirm that the power supply voltage switch located on the power supply is properly set for your country. Note: In the US, the voltage should be set to 110V/115V. Check the Foreign Electricity Guide for voltage settings in other countries.

Plug the PSU into a live outlet and flip the switch on the back of the power supply. Assuming that the power supply is at least minimally functional and that you've properly shorted the pins in Step 5, you should hear the fan begin to run. Important: Just because the fan is running does not mean that your power supply is supplying power to your devices properly. You'll need to continue testing to confirm that. Note: Some power supplies do not have a switch on the back of the unit. If the PSU you're testing does not, the fan should begin to run immediately after plugging the unit into the wall.

Turn on your multimeter and turn the dial to the VDC (Volts DC) setting. Note: If the multimeter you're using does not have an auto-ranging feature, set the range to 10.00V.

First we'll test the 24 pin motherboard power connector: Connect the negative probe on the multimeter (black) to any ground wired pin and connect the positive probe (red) to the first power line you want to test. The 24 pin main power connector has +3.3 VDC, +5 VDC, -5 VDC (optional), +12 VDC, and -12 VDC lines across multiple pins. You'll need to reference the ATX 24 pin 12V Power Supply Pinout for the locations of these pins. I recommend testing every pin on the 24 pin connector that carries a voltage. This will confirm that each line is supplying the proper voltage and that each pin is properly terminated.

Document the number that the multimeter shows for each voltage tested and confirm that the reported voltage is within approved tolerance. You can reference Power Supply Voltage Tolerances for a list of proper ranges for each voltage. Are any voltages outside the approved tolerance? If yes, replace the power supply. If all voltages are within tolerance, your power supply is not defective. Important: If your power supply passes your tests, I highly recommend you continue testing to confirm that it can operate properly under a load. If you're not interested in testing your PSU further, skip to Step 15.

Turn off the switch on the back of the power supply and unplug it from the wall.

Reconnect all of your internal devices to power. Also, don't forget to remove the short you created in Step 5 before plugging back in the 24 pin motherboard power connector. Note: The biggest mistake made at this point is forgetting to plug everything back in. Aside from the main power connector to the motherboard, don't forget to provide power to your hard drive(s), optical drive(s), and floppy drive. Some motherboards require an additional 4, 6, or 8 pin power connector and some video cards need dedicated power too.

Plug in your power supply, flip the switch on the back if you have one, and then turn on your computer as you normally do with the power switch on the front of the PC. Note: Yes, you'll be running your computer with the case cover removed which is perfectly safe as long as you're careful. Note: It's not common, but if your PC does not turn on with the cover removed, you may have to move the appropriate jumper on the motherboard to allow this. Your computer or motherboard manual should explain how to do this.

Repeat Step 9 and Step 10, testing and documenting the voltages for other power connectors like the 4 pin peripheral power connector, the 15 pin SATA power connector, and the 4 pin floppy power connector. Note: The pinouts necessary to test these power connectors with a multimeter can be found in my ATX Power Supply Pinout Tables list. Just as with the 24 pin motherboard power connector, if any voltages fall too far outside the listed voltage (see Power Supply Voltage Tolerances) you should replace the power supply.

Once your testing is complete, turn off and unplug the PC and then put the cover back on the case. Assuming your power supply tested good or you've replaced your power supply with a new one, you can now turn your computer back on and/or continue troubleshooting the problem you are having.

Pin	Name	Color	Description
1	+3.3V	Orange	+3.3 VDC
2	+3.3V	Orange	+3.3 VDC
3	COM	Black	Ground
4	+5V	Red	+5 VDC
5	COM	Black	Ground
6	+5V	Red	+5 VDC
7	COM	Black	Ground
8	PWR_ON	Gray	Power Good
9	+5VSB	Purple	+5 VDC Standby
10	+12V1	Yellow	+12 VDC
11	+12V1	Yellow	+12 VDC
12	+3.3V	Orange	+3.3 VDC
13	+3.3V	Orange	+3.3 VDC
14	-12V	Blue	-12 VDC
15	COM	Black	Ground
16	PS_ON#	Green	Power Supply On
17	COM	Black	Ground
18	COM	Black	Ground
19	COM	Black	Ground
20	NC	White	-5 VDC (Optional - Removed in ATX12V v2.01)
21	+5V	Red	+5 VDC
22	+5V	Red	+5 VDC
23	+5V	Red	+5 VDC
24	COM	Black	Ground

September 16 2009 - Activity

2009-09-16T15:28:00.003+08:00

Troubleshooting An Ailing Power Supply

2009-09-16T15:15:00.000+08:00

The Power Supply convert's your regular household current into low DC voltage used by the computer. When this component fails,there is simply no activity going on wih your computer.Remember to do the
easy troubleshooting first.Inspect the Power Supply
for any damage.Double-Check all connections.

Learning how to check your power supply and how to replace it when needed can be a life saver if you're a computer buff or in business with the trusted PC.Don't take for granted the sinple pleasure of turning on your PC and everything works just fine.

We turned on one of our computer's recently and if about one hour,it just re-booted itself.And it continued doing so about 10 times a day until we found out the power supply was the culprit.Things to look for when your power supply is going bad or just dies on you are the following....

NO POWER TO THE COMPUTER

Here you must first check the wall outlet for power by connecting another device such as a radio or lamp to be sure power is present.If the computer is connected through a surge protector,check it
as well.

If the wall out has power,check the power cable going to the PC to see if AC voltage is making its way to the system unit.Do this with the use of a multimeter.If there is power,you will have to open the computer and check for power from the power supply to the motherboard.When using a multimeter to check voltage,be sure you have a good ground for the black lead of the multimeter.

RE-BOOTING PROBLEMS

One main problem you may face with an ailing Power Supply is that it may re-boot the computer without any warning.All information is lost and it seems as though this happens at the worst possible time.Booting errors when the computer first start's up is another indicator of this component going on the blink.

POWER DISTRIBUTION PROBLEMS

When the power supply begins to fail,you may receive power at one device and not another.For example,the Hard Drive may receive power but the CDROM Drive has nothing at all.

Another headache with would cause re-booting is the intermittent power going to the drives or the motherboard itself.Follow the steps below to check your power supply should you experience some of the above problems.

CHECKING THE POWER SUPPLY

If the wall outlet,and the power cord are good,as well as the connection at the motherboard is secure.Then you may have to face the fact that the power supply itself is bad.If you have a Multimeter you can test the power supply output before purchasing a new one.Simply follow these steps.

Turn off the PC,but do not unplug it,open the system unit.Set the multimeter to read DC volts in the next range higher than 12 volts.Locate a power connector similair to the hard drive,or floppy drive connector that is unused and turn on the PC.You can also unplug a drive connector and use it as well.Turn on the PC and insert the BLACK probe into the power connector on one of the BLACK wires.Touch the RED probe to the YELLOW wire onthe power connector.

The multimeter reading should be +12 volts.Now touch the RED probe to the RED wire and the reading should be +5 volts.If no readings or different readings occured,you,ll have to replace the power supply.If the readings were correct,you should check the P8 or P9 connectors at the motherboard.These connectors may also be named P4 and P5.To check these connectors,perform the following...

Insert the BLACK probe into P8 at one of the BLACK wires.Insert the RED probe into the P8 connector at the RED wire.The readingon the multimeter should be +5 volts

Check the power going to the Motherboard connections by inserting the RED probe into P8 at the YELLOW wire and you should get +12 volts.Leave the BLACK wire touching the black wire at the P8 connector.Check the BLUE wire and the reading should be a -12 volts.

Now move the BLACK probe to the BLACK wire on the P9
connector.Test the WHITE wire by inserting the RED probe and the reading should be -5 volts.Check the RED wires on the P9 connector and you should get +5 volts on each red wire.You won,t get exactly 5
or 12 volts but the readings will be very close,such as 5.02 volts.

If the Power Supply is a couple of volts off,in either direction,such
as when the RED wire should be reading -5 volts but it reads -8
volts,or if there are no readings,replace the power supply.

DO NOT remove the power supply from the system unit case when performing these tests.DO NOT perform these tests if you do not feel comfortable.Be sure to remove any and all electrical static build-up from your clothes and body BEFORE touching any parts inside the system unit.And NEVER open the power supply case for any reason,since high voltage may be present.

Should this be called Islamic Researchology? - New Word (phraseology)

2009-09-15T21:48:00.013+08:00

What is Research?
A method or a way for founding new thing example technology and literary (word founding)

What is Ology?
Ology comes from the greek logos, meaning the "study of" something. There are an incredible amount of different branches of science, thus there are a lot of ologies, and this is list is designed to define as many as possible. Note: many of these ologies start with the prefix paleo- it is greek for old or ancient.

What is Researchology?
An education method on how to do a research

What is Islamic Researchology?
An education method on how to do a research or buying a technology base on holy Quran & Al-Sunnah

Implementation
1. Idea
2. Know the boundry from Al-Quran or Al-Sunnah - (example Human Rights)
3. Pray
4. Do

Example on how Islamic research being done
- The Founding of Sound Technology or Radio wave
- Fitnah/Fitna is a word or act that can be done from sound and articles "Sound->Mouth, cassette, cd"
- Know the healthy boundary from Al-Quran, Example Fitnah can kill a someone by Al-Sunnah
- Parying
- Do - Qada & Qadar

How this can Fitnah/Fitna effect someone or a community?
A Proof method has been shown by our community by using an ocean or birds sound/cassette/cd to ease the mind and this method has shown us how can mind being influenced by the Founded Technology (Sound Technology).

Fitnah how can it be connected by the word or act "Killing someone"
1. Killing the identity or pride of the accused by using the world community
2. Changing the Reality by Killing a person using the community to turn around the accused mind. (Formula: Education (Sound and articles) -> Community -> Mind Believing -> Depression -> Reality Changes -> madness or crazy)

Why does the Islamic Researchology should be practice?
God has give us a path to healthy life using Al-Quran and al-sunnah.
Example :
Praying
If someone did not pray this will cause them a ear diseases (Cleaning ears 5 time a day will wipe the germ, before praying - pray water)

How can Islamic Researchology effect us?
Islamic Future Community means being forwarded using the Islamic healthy lifestyle by conducting the Islamic Researchology before doing some research on interested idea.

How can this word foward our future community?
Syaitan/Satan pissing his ears..............
1. a future community with an understandment that a syaitan/satan pissing on his ears (imagination)
-Causing Mental Ilness (Seeing Ghost)
2. a future community with an understandment of being lie to and disease are spreading

How can a future community forwarded?
Creation of "Word"and educate them, Example :
Believing is "Be" "Lie" "ing" is created by someone smart be course of the combination
- Be : root word, become, understand
- Lie: not true
- ing: do, act

What happen to Malaysia future community with this word differences combination between melayu and english ?
Example word creation:
Melayu means Caj and in English means Charge
Melayu means Nyah Caj and in English means Discharge
Melayu means Buka and in English means Enable
Melayu means Tutup and in English means Disable

Did you see the word "Dis" are being used by the english?
How many word load must Malaysian learn? Student are suffering so many work load tu understand the word and rembering them.

Malaysia Future Community is?
1. Heavy work load?
2. Eased work load?

Are we trying to "Merdeka" the word? and making the work load more, meaning of this Merdeka word is by using our own creation example of NOT merdeka word:
Melayu means Nyah Caj and in english means discharge, the caj or charge is a word (with same pronousation) that are not created by the Melayu Literator (Sasterawan), and this is what i call are not "merdeka" word. ("Nyah" is a merdeka word)

Solution:
Why can't Malaysia use our old traditional ways of creating new word for education and this will minimize the work load for the student (same pronousation)? example:
1. Discaj = Discharge
2. Politik = Politic

Positive:
- Work Load is easier
- Melayu language are still not wipe because of the spelling (Nationality Pride)

Negetive by some oppinions may accur:
By Following the method above there will be some difficulties that may occur in future example, "Melayu Hilang Di Dunia" (Melayu Language is wipe)

If we choose to Merdeka the word, Should the word combine with the islamic word to keep their faith in future?
- What about other student with that are not islam?
- Everything new are wierd for the first time until the community is teach each other how to use it and become fimiliar with it and no more oppinion being discuss (Forgotton)

Articles discussing the new malaysia ways educating our children
http://www.miricommunity.net/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=22586

For us to remember
Will Melayu be Wipe?
Melayu tidak akan hilang di dunia - Dato' Hang Tuah

Sincerely,
Muhd Khairi Rijal bin Farouk

September 14 2009 - Activity

2009-09-14T13:35:00.000+08:00

Power Supplies

2009-09-14T13:10:00.004+08:00

There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronics circuits and other devices. A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function.

For example a 5V regulated supply:

Each of the blocks is described in more detail below:

* Transformer - steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC.
* Rectifier - converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying.
* Smoothing - smooths the DC from varying greatly to a small ripple.
* Regulator - eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage.

Power supplies made from these blocks are described below with a circuit diagram and a graph of their output:

* Transformer only
* Transformer + Rectifier
* Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing
* Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing + Regulator

Also See: AC and DC | Diodes | Capacitors

Voltage Output For Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing + Regulator

2009-09-14T13:06:00.003+08:00

The regulated DC output is very smooth with no ripple. It is suitable for all electronic circuits.

Further information: Transformer | Rectifier | Smoothing | Regulator

Voltage Output For Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing

2009-09-14T13:01:00.002+08:00

The smooth DC output has a small ripple. It is suitable for most electronic circuits.

Further information: Tran sform er | Rectifier | Smoothing

Voltage Output For Transformer + Rectifier

2009-09-14T12:57:00.004+08:00

The varying DC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and standard motors. It is not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a smoothing capacitor.

Further information: Transformer | Rectifier

Voltage Output For Transformer only

2009-09-14T12:48:00.004+08:00

The low voltage AC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and special AC motors. It is not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a rectifier and a smoothing capacitor.

Further information: Transformer

Regulator

2009-09-14T12:35:00.010+08:00

Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output voltages. They are also rated by the maximum current they can pass. Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current ('overload protection') and overheating ('thermal protection').

Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs have 3 leads and look like power transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A regulator shown on the right. They include a hole for attaching a heatsink if necessary.

Voltage Regulator

Please see the Electronics in Meccano website for more information about voltage regulator ICs. Pl - http://www.eleinmec.com

Zener diode regulator

For low current power supplies a simple voltage regulator can be made with a resistor and a zener diode connected in reverse as shown in the diagram. Zener diodes are rated by their breakdown voltage Vz and maximum power Pz (typically 400mW or 1.3W).

The resistor limits the current (like an LED resistor). The current through the resistor is constant, so when there is no output current all the current flows through the zener diode and its power rating Pz must be large enough to withstand this.

Please see the Diodes page for more information about zener diodes.

Choosing a zener diode and resistor:

1. The zener voltage Vz is the output voltage required
2. The input voltage Vs must be a few volts greater than Vz
(this is to allow for small fluctuations in Vs due to ripple)
3. The maximum current Imax is the output current required plus 10%
4. The zener power Pz is determined by the maximum current: Pz > Vz × Imax
5. The resistor resistance: R = (Vs - Vz) / Imax
6. The resistor power rating: P > (Vs - Vz) × Imax

Example: output voltage required is 5V, output current required is 60mA.

1. Vz = 4.7V (nearest value available)
2. Vs = 8V (it must be a few volts greater than Vz)
3. Imax = 66mA (output current plus 10%)
4. Pz > 4.7V × 66mA = 310mW, choose Pz = 400mW
5. R = (8V - 4.7V) / 66mA = 0.05kohm = 50ohm, choose R = 47ohm
6. Resistor power rating P > (8V - 4.7V) × 66mA = 218mW, choose P = 0.5W

zener diode
a = anode, k = cathode

Smoothing DC (Direct Current)

2009-09-14T12:29:00.004+08:00

Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor (polorised capasitor) connected across the DC supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage from the rectifier is falling. The diagram shows the unsmoothed varying DC (dotted line) and the smoothed DC (solid line). The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC, and then discharges as it supplies current to the output.

Note that smoothing significantly increases the average DC voltage to almost the peak value (1.4 × RMS value). For example 6V RMS AC is rectified to full wave DC of about 4.6V RMS (1.4V is lost in the bridge rectifier), with smoothing this increases to almost the peak value giving 1.4 × 4.6 = 6.4V smooth DC.

Smoothing is not perfect due to the capacitor voltage falling a little as it discharges, giving a small ripple voltage. For many circuits a ripple which is 10% of the supply voltage is satisfactory and the equation below gives the required value for the smoothing capacitor. A larger capacitor will give less ripple. The capacitor value must be doubled when smoothing half-wave DC.

Smoothing capacitor for 10% ripple, C = 5 × Io
Vs × f

C = smoothing capacitance in farads (F)
Io = output current from the supply in amps (A)
Vs = supply voltage in volts (V), this is the peak value of the unsmoothed DC
f = frequency of the AC supply in hertz (Hz), 50Hz in the UK

Rectifier

2009-09-14T12:23:00.005+08:00

There are several ways of connecting diodes to make a rectifier to convert AC to DC. The bridge rectifier is the most important and it produces full-wave varying DC. A full-wave rectifier can also be made from just two diodes if a centre-tap transformer is used, but this method is rarely used now that diodes are cheaper. A single diode can be used as a rectifier but it only uses the positive (+) parts of the AC wave to produce half-wave varying DC.

Bridge rectifier
A bridge rectifier can be made using four individual diodes, but it is also available in special packages containing the four diodes required. It is called a full-wave rectifier because it uses all the AC wave (both positive and negative sections). 1.4V is used up in the bridge rectifier because each diode uses 0.7V when conducting and there are always two diodes conducting, as shown in the diagram below. Bridge rectifiers are rated by the maximum current they can pass and the maximum reverse voltage they can withstand (this must be at least three times the supply RMS voltage so the rectifier can withstand the peak voltages). Please see the Diodes page for more details, including pictures of bridge rectifiers.

Bridge rectifier
Alternate pairs of diodes conduct, changing over
the connections so the alternating directions of
AC are converted to the one direction of DC.

Output: full-wave varying DC
(using all the AC wave)

Single diode rectifier
A single diode can be used as a rectifier but this produces half-wave varying DC which has gaps when the AC is negative. It is hard to smooth this sufficiently well to supply electronic circuits unless they require a very small current so the smoothing capacitor does not significantly discharge during the gaps. Please see the Diodes page for some examples of rectifier diodes.

Single diode rectifier

Output: half-wave varying DC
(using only half the AC wave)

Transformer

2009-09-14T12:13:00.002+08:00

Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC.

Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage (230V in UK and 240W in Malaysia) to a safer low voltage.

The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is no electrical connection between the two coils, instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core.

Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up.

The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turns ratio, determines the ratio of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input) coil which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage.

turns ratio = Vp = Np and power out = power in
Vs Ns Vs × Is = Vp × Ip

Vp = primary (input) voltage
Np = number of turns on primary coil
Ip = primary (input) current Vs = secondary (output) voltage
Ns = number of turns on secondary coil
Is = secondary (output) current

September 13 2009 - Activity

2009-09-13T17:15:00.000+08:00

Type of Diodes

2009-09-13T17:13:00.002+08:00

Diodes can be classified by the functions of the circuit in which it is being used, or more commonly, by the shape that is demanded by the size of the products in which it will be mounted. The complicated point is that there is no direct relation between the two and you must keep them both in your mind at all times. However, you can think of the function as the base, and since this function can then be supported by many different shapes, it can then be further classified by those shapes.

Zener diode (constant voltage diode)
Since a Zener diode generates a constant voltage from the Zener effect that occurs when a reverse bias voltage is applied, it is also called a constant voltage diode. By using the resulting constant voltage, it can be used in constant voltage circuits and other circuits that require a reference voltage.

Schottky barrier diode
A Schottky barrier diode attaches a Schottky gate electrode directly to a n-type semiconductor and makes use of the fact that reverse bias voltages are prevented from causing current flow across the junction of the metal and semiconductor. Some are for high frequencies and some are for general rectification. Those for high frequencies are often used in high-speed switching for wave detectors and mixers in the UHF and microwave bands. Since the forward voltage is small and the reverse breakdown voltage cannot be made too high (currently, approx. 100 to 200 volts) compared to normal diodes for general rectification, Schottky barrier diodes for general rectification are used for the rectification of power supplies for low voltages and high currents, or power supply switching for the rectification of high frequencies with its small reverse recovery time.
Switching diode
By using the rectifying properties of the pn junction (the extreme difference in the forward and reverse bias resistances), these diodes are mainly used for switching the circuit on and off. Generally, when you speak of switching diodes, it includes Schottky barrier diodes and band switching diodes, but we at Rohm think of them as separate types. Switching diodes are the normal silicon small-signal switching diodes. They are used for demodulation, modulation, switching, mixing, and the like and make up approximately half of the total diodes produced in Japan. Rohm holds the largest share of this market.

Rectifier diodes
In general, these diodes are aimed at current rectification for currents of 1 ampere or more and are used in rectification circuits for power supplies. There are many types from low power to high power with a wide range of different packages. The most common type is the low power 1 ampere class that makes up approximately 70% of the rectifier diodes produced.

Band switching diodes
The band switching diode was developed as a general small signal diode for high frequency use. Since it is used for switching the frequency bands for high frequency tuners, the resistance at high frequencies is small and the capacitance between the electrodes is kept as small as possible.

Monsters, Inc.

2009-09-11T02:42:00.002+08:00

It's been several years since Pixar first wowed us with "Toy Story", the first three-dimensional cartoon ever produced. Now we know it as the re-shaping of the animation world as this year alone we have had three 3-D animated films hit the big screen. One of those was the movie "Shrek" an insanely funny animated work from Dreamworks that so far ranks as the funniest movie of the year. Pixar hopes to stand up right next to the giant ogre this weekend with "Monsters Inc", a delightful family film that sadly just falls short of that achievement, but is still worth the trip.

One of the reasons why is for the inventive ideas the story comes up with. It takes place in the city known as Monstropolis, a haven for monsters, which is all powered by the power plant, commonly known as Monsters Incorporated.

The company consists mainly of frightening children, storing their screams, and then later powering the city with them. The number one scarer in the biz is John P. Sullivan, or Sully, (voiced by John Goodman), a hairy, six foot, and blue working class monster with a good heart, but also a real knack for his work. His partner is the always fast talking Mike Wazowski (voiced by Billy Crystal), who is both friend and trainer to Sully.

The two of them are very excited for the reason that Sully is about to break the all time scare record. But one monster that stands in there way is Randall Boggs (voiced as evil as ever by Steve Buscemi), a chameleon-like creature who finally decides to resort to cheating when Sully remains at the top of the standings board at the end of the day.

The company uses an assembly line of closet doors to get to the human world, just they are to be locked away at the end of the day. But when Sully goes back to the office to pick up something for Mike, he sees a door left out, and a little human girl pulling at his fur. A monster touching a human or a human getting through the doors is considered to be a contamination alert, so Sully can do nothing but panic when he sees her.

Soon the entire city is looking for the monsters hiding the little girl, and both Sully and Mike each have to think of a plan before this ruins them both.

"Monsters Inc" is loaded with creative ideas, from the plot all the way down to the objects and animals used as inspirations for each monster. Each character is weird looking in their own way and all of them have personalities that are colorful enough to be entertained by. Billy Crystal's Mike Wazowski is easily the most energetic character in the film, and thus the most entertaining.

Only the main problem I had with the movie is the lack of comedy it is able to create. There are a couple of belly laughs and a handful of sight gags, but there is a big gap between all of them that could seriously use some of that witty dialogue that worked so well in last year's Disney film, "The Emperor's New Groove".

But "Monsters Inc" makes up for a lack of comedy by adding a lot of excitement (the finale features one of the best chase sequences I've seen from a Disney film), and some really touching moments that both parents and kids will like. If you're looking for a family film that's interesting and fun, then "Monsters Inc." will do just fine for the time being.

WATCH ONLINE NOW! - FREE

Finding Nemo

2009-09-11T01:56:00.002+08:00

Actors: Starring the voices of: Albert Brooks, Ellen DeGeneres, William Dafoe, Geoffrey Rush, Allison Janney, Barry Humphries, Brad Garrett, Austin Pendleton, Stephen Root, Vicki Lewis, Joe Ranft, John Ratzenberger, Alexander Gould, Elizabeth Perkins

Director: Andrew Stanton

Special Notes: Here are a couple of fishy fun facts to know -- did you know that 71 percent of the earth is covered by water and that there are 3.7 trillion fish that live in then ocean?

Plot: Marlin (Brooks) is an overly cautious clownfish who lives in the beautiful tropical waters of the Great Barrier Reef. Marlin lives a safe and secluded life with his only son Nemo (Gould), warning him about the dangerous world beyond. But like all young fish, Nemo is eager to explore the mysterious reef surrounding his home and the world beyond. One day, when Nemo knows better, he swims outside the safety of his father and unexpectedly is "fish-napped" and taken far from home. Nemo is placed in a fish tank in a dentist's office and quickly makes friends, but he longs for his father. Meanwhile back at the reef, Marlin has to face his fears and venture out to find his son. On his journey, Marlin's joined by a Regal blue tang fish named Dory (DeGeneres) who has a bad short-term memory but a big heart. As the two search for Nemo, they encounter all sorts of obstacles (hungry seabirds, sewer systems, man) and plenty of new friends and foes [Gill (Dafoe), Bloat (Garrett), Peach (Janney) and Nigel (Rush)], as gradually, Marlin becomes a hero in the eyes of his son.

Good: Hurray for another winner from the folks who brought us "Toy Story", "A Bug's Life" and "Monsters Inc."! Get ready for a new world of computer-animation that is not only breathtakingly beautiful to behold, but will spoil young and old alike with a new standard of animation. The movie's simple but clever premise may be as old as parents' advice, but it still makes for a funny, entertaining and realistic story dealing with issues that parents go through on an everyday basis with their kids (Marlin wants his son to be proud of him despite his fears, Nemo is disobedient and has to deal with going to school for the first time, etc.). Parents, there are several topics that will make for interesting discussions afterwards. This is one of those refreshing stories with a perfectly cast ensemble that definitely has the "awww" factor going for it. DeGeneres is delightful as the forgetful but faithful companion that gently coaxes the overly cautious Brook's to find his son. The witty one-liners and quick-witted script will entertain the mature crowd, while the beautiful colors and catchy score will mesmerize the little ones. In a summer when intense action adventure heroes (and sequels) are dominating the box office, it's nice to see Disney and Pixar come through with another example or fabulous family-friendly entertainment at it's best!

Bad: I can't imagine little ones being scared by this movie, but there are a couple of scenes with creepy looking fish that scare and then chase Marlin and Dory. If I was a kid, I think Bruce the shark would bother me the most.

Bottom Line: Just when you think it's safe to go back into the water … Disney and Pixar make it unforgettable and fun as well. Not only are the underwater scenes brilliant and fascinating, but the adventures on dry land prove to be challenging (rescuing Nemo from a dentist's office) and intense as well. You'll LOVE the ending! I have to admit … I enjoyed DeGeneres in this movie! Not only is her voice perfect for the part, but she's hilarious with her delivery as well. Never again will you look at an aquarium as a "fish tank" or the ocean as simply a place to go fishing!

WATCH ONLINE NOW - FREE

Who Am I

2009-09-11T01:55:00.002+08:00

Jackie Chan, a top secret militant soldier, crashes into the South African jungle after his mission of kidnapping three scientists (who were experimenting with a powerful mineral) has gone array. Waking up in a village of local natives, Chan has no memory of who he is, thus being addressed as "Who Am I". His journey with aid from two female sidekicks to find out his identity leads him all the way to Rotterdam where he coincidentally discovers the location of the organization that kidnapped the three scientists. With no memory, Chan is thirsty for answers by any means necessary.

WATCH ONLINE NOW! - FREE

Underworld

2009-09-11T01:53:00.002+08:00

Vampires and Werewolves have been sworn enemies for hundreds of years. Now fought in a Gothic-like setting, the conflict takes an unexpected and deadly new turn. Selene, a beautiful vampire warrior, uncovers a Lycan plot that could prove fatal for her entire race. She shadows a human, Michael, the Lycan's supposed target. Although she finds herself becoming attracted to him, he becomes infected with the lupine disease during a violent struggle with the Lycan overlord, Lucian, long thought to be dead. Now both sides must decide how to end the conflict and save their species as new and terrifying secrets unearth themselves and threaten their entire existance.

WATCH ONLINE NOW! - FREE

Kuch Kuch Hota Hai

2009-09-11T01:50:00.002+08:00

Rahul and Anjali are students in a college in India, while Anjali is attracted to him, he only treats her as a close friend. Unable to tell him about her feelings, Rahul meets and gets married to another Indian girl by the name of Tina. Anjali decides not to get married. Rahul and his wife lead a blissful life, and soon Tina gets pregnant. She gives birth to a baby girl, they name her Anjali, but shortly after that Tina dies, leaving Rahul alone to look after Tina. He does a fairly good job at this, and Anjali grows up in his care. Then Anjali comes to know about the older Anjali, and her love for her dad, and sets forth on the task of bringing them together, unsure if her dad will even accept any other woman to take his late wife's place.

WATCH ONLINE NOW! - FREE

10 Things I Hate About You

2009-09-11T01:48:00.002+08:00

Adapted from William Shakespeare's play "The Taming of the Shrew," 10 Things I Hate About You starts off with Cameron, new student at Padua High, sitting in the office of the quirky guidance counselor Ms. Perky. He is then shown around the school by Michael, who will become his best friend. During his tour is when Cameron first sees Bianca Stratford, a beautiful sophomore with one problem: she isn't allowed to date. And neither is her "shrew" sister, Katarina, a senior who loves indie rock and feminist prose and hates conformity. But Kat and Bianca's father alter's his house rule: now, Bianca can date... as long as Kat has a date, too. Now, in order for Cameron to date Bianca, he has to find someone to date Kat. So Michael helps him enlist the help of pretty-boy/jerk/model Joey Donner, tricking him into thinking that *he* will get to take Bianca out if he pays someone to take out Kat. His choice: Patrick Verona, a bad-boy with a mysterious reputation--some say he ate a live duck once, others that he lit a state trooper on fire, and even more claim that he had a brief porn career. Will Patrick win Kat's heart? Will Cameron win Bianca's? Or will everything hit the fan...?

WATCH ONLINE NOW! - FREE

The Princess Diaries

2009-09-11T01:42:00.002+08:00

A socially awkward but very bright 15-year-old girl being raised by a single mom discovers that she is the princess of a small European country because of the recent death of her long-absent father, who, unknown to her, was the crown prince of Genovia. She must make a choice between continuing the life of a San Francisco teen or stepping up to the throne. While Mia makes up her mind, she's pressed into taking princess lessons from her grandmother.

WATCH ONLINE NOW! - FREE

September 10 2009 - Activity

2009-09-10T16:12:00.000+08:00

Diodes

2009-09-10T15:34:00.010+08:00

A diode is a device that conducts the current in just one direction: the direction of the arrow in the diode symbol, which looks like this:

The most important characteristics of a diode are: maximum forward current, forward voltage, maximum power dissipation and reverse voltage.
The forward current is the current flow in the direction of the arrow of the diode symbol. This current causes a voltage across the diode: the forward voltage drop. The power dissipation of a diode is the forward current multiplied by the forward voltage drop.
The reverse voltage is the voltage across a diode when it is reverse biased.
If you want to know how a diode works internally, you'll have to take a peek inside.

An AC Voltage Rectifier
Since diodes conduct current in only one direction, they can be used as an AC Voltage rectifier. Take a look at the picture below.

A triangular AC voltage is connected to the input terminals of the rectifier. The output voltage will be measured across resistor R1. When the upper input terminal is positive, there will be a current flow through the diode and the resistor. This current causes a voltage across R1. Assume the peak voltage is (plus and
minus) 9V, and the forward voltage of the diode is 0.7V. The peak current will then be (9V - 0.7V) / 1k = 8.3mA. The maximum power dissipation of the diode will be 9V • 8.3mA = 74.7mW. When the voltage at the upper input terminal becomes negative, the diode is reverse biased blocking the current flow. Since the diode has a very large resistance, all the voltage will be across the diode. This should not exceed the maximum reverse voltage.

So if you want to perform this experiment, you'll need a diode with the following requirements: the maximum forward current must be 8.3mA or higher; the maximum power dissipation must be 74.7mW or higher; and the maximum reverse voltage must be 9V or higher. Any small signal diode will meet these requirements. The resistor can be a regular 0.25W resistor since the maximum power dissipation is (8.3mA) 2 • 1k = 69mW. The circuit above is called a half wave rectifier, since the ouput contains only the positive half of the input. The circuit below shows a full wave rectifier.

This circuit works as follows. When the input signal is positive, the currents flows from the upper terminal, via diode D1, resistor R1, and diode D3 to the lower terminal. When the input signal is negative, the currents flows from the lower terminal, via diode D2, resistor R1, and diode D4 to the upper terminal. Notice that the current always flows through two diodes: either D1 and D3, or D2 and D4. This means that the output voltage will always be about 1.4 volts (two 'forward voltage drops') less than the input voltage. The circuit D1...D4 is called a bridge rectifier. When you look at a bridge rectifier, you'll probably see something imprinted like 'B80C5000/3300'. The number after the 'B' indicates the maximum (reverse) voltage, in this case 80V. The number after the 'C' indicates the maximum peak/continuous (forward) current in mA. In this case the maximum peak current is 5A and the maximum continuous current is 3.3A.
Smaller bridge rectifiers only indicate the maximum voltage and current, e.g. 'B40C800'.

LEDs
The abbreviation LED stands for Light Emitting Diode. LEDs consume less power than light bulbs, and have a much longer life time: about 100000 hours. A regular LED needs a current flow of 10...20mA, and has a forward voltage drop of 1.5 to 2 volts, depending on the color.
With the circuit below, you can test and experiment with LEDs.

Question: What will be a good value for R1? Assume that the voltage across LED D1 is 2 volts, and we want a current flow of 15mA.

Electronics Course - Diodes
Answer: The voltage across R1 will be 9V - 2V = 7V. The current flow through R1 will also be 15mA. So R1 should have a value of 7V / 15mA = 467ohms. From the E12 series, 470ohms is a good choice.

Zener Diodes
A zener diode in conducting state acts like a normal diode. It's the reverse voltage that distinguishes a zener diode from a regular diode. Take a look at the picture below.

In this picture you see a reverse connected zener diode. The 'value' of a zener diode is given in volts; this is the reverse voltage. But a zener diode doesn't blow when the voltage tends to get higher. A zener diode stabilizes the voltage at the reverse voltage. So the voltage across the zener diode in the picture above will always be 4.7 volts, even when the battery voltage increases. Again, we need to calculate the value of R1. Unfortunately, it's difficult to say what's the ideal current flow through a zener diode. (Yep, altough the diode is reverse biased there is a current flow!) In most cases 5mA is fine. Since the voltage across R1 will be 9V - 4.7V = 4.3V, a good value of R1 is 4.3V/5mA = 860ohms.

A zener diode manufacturer publishes the maximum power dissipation of a zener diode. 0.4 or 0.5W is a very common value for a small zener diode. Using this characteristic, we can calculate the minimum value of R1: Assume we use a 0.4W zener in the design above. Since the voltage across the zener is 4.7V, the maximum current flow is 0.4W/4.7V = 85mA. The voltage across R1 will be 9V - 4.7V = 4.3V. So the minimum value for R1 is 4.3V/85mA = 51ohms. So a good value of R1 ranges from 51 to 860ohms. 820ohms is a good choice. Note however that the calculations above only count for a zener without a load. Take a look at the picture below.

In this design zener D1 has a 50ohms load (R2). Again, we'll calculate a proper value for R1. Since the voltage across the load R2 is always 4.7V, the current flow through R2 will always be 4.7V/50 = 94mA. The current flow through D1 should be between 5 and 85mA. So the current flow through R1 ranges from 99 to 179mA. The voltage across R1 is always 4.3V, so the resistance should be between 24 and 43ohms.

Electronics Course - Diodes
39ohms may be a good choice. In that case, the power dissipation is 4.32 / 39 = 0.47W. So you'd better take a 1W resistor! But what should we do if the 50ohms load can be detached, e.g. because it's an external load? With the load connected, the *maximum* value of R1 is 43ohms, but without the load the *minimum* value is 51ohms!

The answer is simple: use a higher wattage zener diode, e.g. 1.3W. In that case, the maximum current flow through D1 is 1.3W/4.7V = 276mA. This means, without the load connected, a minimum value of R1 of 4.3V/276mA = 16ohms. Now we have an overlapping range of values for R1 from which you may choose one. Again, a 39ohms / 1W resistor is a good choice.

Testing diodes using a multimeter

Most digital multimeters look like this:

1 = Display
2 = Function switch
3 = Transistor socket (optional)
4...6 = Test lead jacks

If you want to test a diode, set the function switch to "diode test".
Next, connect the test leads. Mulimeters usually come with two test leads: a black one and a red one.
- Connect the black test lead to the COM jack and the red lead to the V/ jack.
- Connect the other ends of the test leads across the diode.
- Connect the black wire to the cathode and red wire to the anode. The display should now read about 0.6V (600mV). If you swap the test leads, the display will indicate an overflow. Note that in-circuit testing may lead to wrong results, since other components may be parallel-connected to the diode. Also make sure that the equipment-under-test has been turned off!

Notes:

Power Supply Unit
Power Failure (Kerosakan Disebabkan Kilat)
- Check Fius
- Check Capasitor Seramik
- Check Diod
- IC/Chip – Power IC

Contoh kerosakan diod
Probe +/- pada diod +/- , multimeter naik, probe -/+ pada diod -/+ multimeter naik

Contoh Diod Baik
Probe +/- pada diod +/- multimeter naik , probe -/+ pada diod -/+ multimeter tidak naik.

Fungsi diod ialah menukar arus dari AC ke DC

September 9 2009 - Activity

2009-09-09T22:11:00.000+08:00

September 8 2009 - Activity

2009-09-08T18:50:00.000+08:00

September 6 2009 - Activity

2009-09-06T17:30:00.001+08:00

Power Supply Fuse

2009-09-06T17:24:00.004+08:00

Some power supplies come with their own integrated fuse. The fuse is designed to protect the circuits in the power supply from damage should an over-current situation arise. You can read more about fuses on this PC Fundamentals page about basic electrical components. If there is a problem with the electrical system (surge, lightning strike) or internal fault within the power supply, the fuse will blow. It can then be replaced and if it did its job properly, the supply should operate normally.

Fuse Symbol

Unfortunately, many PC power supplies don't have fuses at all. I suppose this is a cost-savings measure but it seems pretty short-sighted to me. Even many power supplies that do have fuses hide them from the user within the power supply case. It's not a good idea to open up the power supply unless you are sure you know what you are doing, so I don't recommend opening the supply to search for a fuse (especially since too many units no longer have them). It's a good idea though to search the back of your system to see if there is a user-replaceable power supply fuse.

Fius Keranda

Fius Pisau

Switches

2009-09-06T17:20:00.002+08:00

Switch Contacts - pole, throw etc.
Standard Switches - SPST, SPDT, DPST, DPDT.
Special Switches - multiway, key, tilt, reed etc.

Selecting a Switch

There are three important features to consider when selecting a switch:

Contacts (e.g. single pole, double throw)
Ratings (maximum voltage and current)
Method of Operation (toggle, slide, key etc.)

Switch Contacts

Several terms are used to describe switch contacts:

Pole - number of switch contact sets.
Throw - number of conducting positions, single or double.
Way - number of conducting positions, three or more.
Momentary - switch returns to its normal position when released.
Open - off position, contacts not conducting.
Closed - on position, contacts conducting, there may be several on positions.

For example: the simplest on-off switch has one set of contacts (single pole) and one switching position which conducts (single throw). The switch mechanism has two positions: open (off) and closed (on), but it is called 'single throw' because only one position conducts.

Switch Contact Ratings

Switch contacts are rated with a maximum voltage and current, and there may be different ratings for AC and DC. The AC values are higher because the current falls to zero many times each second and an arc is less likely to form across the switch contacts.

For low voltage electronics projects the voltage rating will not matter, but you may need to check the current rating. The maximum current is less for inductive loads (coils and motors) because they cause more sparking at the contacts when switched off.

Capacitors

2009-09-06T17:08:00.010+08:00

Function

Capacitors store electric charge. They are used with resistors in timing circuits because it takes time for a capacitor to fill with charge. They are used to smooth varying DC supplies by acting as a reservoir of charge. They are also used in filter circuits because capacitors easily pass AC (changing) signals but they block DC (constant) signals.

Capacitance

This is a measure of a capacitor's ability to store charge. A large capacitance means that more charge can be stored. Capacitance is measured in farads, symbol F. However 1F is very large, so prefixes are used to show the smaller values.

Three prefixes (multipliers) are used, µ (micro), n (nano) and p (pico):

µ means 10^-6 (millionth), so 1000000µF = 1F
n means 10^-9 (thousand-millionth), so 1000nF = 1µF
p means 10^-12 (million-millionth), so 1000pF = 1nF

Capacitor values can be very difficult to find because there are many types of capacitor with different labelling systems!

There are many types of capacitor but they can be split into two groups, polarised and unpolarised. Each group has its own circuit symbol.

Polarised capacitors (large values, 1µF +)

Electrolytic Capacitors

Electrolytic capacitors are polarised and they must be connected the correct way round, at least one of their leads will be marked + or -. They are not damaged by heat when soldering.

There are two designs of electrolytic capacitors; axial where the leads are attached to each end (220µF in picture) and radial where both leads are at the same end (10µF in picture). Radial capacitors tend to be a little smaller and they stand upright on the circuit board.

It is easy to find the value of electrolytic capacitors because they are clearly printed with their capacitance and voltage rating. The voltage rating can be quite low (6V for example) and it should always be checked when selecting an electrolytic capacitor. If the project parts list does not specify a voltage, choose a capacitor with a rating which is greater than the project's power supply voltage. 25V is a sensible minimum for most battery circuits.

Tantalum Bead Capacitors

Tantalum bead capacitors are polarised and have low voltage ratings like electrolytic capacitors. They are expensive but very small, so they are used where a large capacitance is needed in a small size. Modern tantalum bead capacitors are printed with their capacitance, voltage and polarity in full. However older ones use a colour-code system which has two stripes (for the two digits) and a spot of colour for the number of zeros to give the value in µF. The standard colour code is used, but for the spot, grey is used to mean × 0.01 and white means × 0.1 so that values of less than 10µF can be shown. A third colour stripe near the leads shows the voltage (yellow 6.3V, black 10V, green 16V, blue 20V, grey 25V, white 30V, pink 35V). The positive (+) lead is to the right when the spot is facing you: 'when the spot is in sight, the positive is to the right'.

For example: blue, grey, black spot means 68µF
For example: blue, grey, white spot means 6.8µF
For example: blue, grey, grey spot means 0.68µF

Unpolarised capacitors (small values, up to 1µF)

Small value capacitors are unpolarised and may be connected either way round. They are not damaged by heat when soldering, except for one unusual type (polystyrene). They have high voltage ratings of at least 50V, usually 250V or so. It can be difficult to find the values of these small capacitors because there are many types of them and several different labelling systems!

Many small value capacitors have their value printed but without a multiplier, so you need to use experience to work out what the multiplier should be!

For example 0.1 means 0.1µF = 100nF.

Sometimes the multiplier is used in place of the decimal point:
For example: 4n7 means 4.7nF.

Capacitor Number Code

A number code is often used on small capacitors where printing is difficult:

the 1st number is the 1st digit,
the 2nd number is the 2nd digit,
the 3rd number is the number of zeros to give the capacitance in pF.
Ignore any letters - they just indicate tolerance and voltage rating.

For example: 102 means 1000pF = 1nF (not 102pF!)

For example: 472J means 4700pF = 4.7nF (J means 5% tolerance).

Polystyrene Capacitors

This type is rarely used now. Their value (in pF) is normally printed without units. Polystyrene capacitors can be damaged by heat when soldering (it melts the polystyrene!) so you should use a heat sink (such as a crocodile clip). Clip the heat sink to the lead between the capacitor and the joint.

Real capacitor values (the E3 and E6 series)

You may have noticed that capacitors are not available with every possible value, for example 22µF and 47µF are readily available, but 25µF and 50µF are not!

Why is this? Imagine that you decided to make capacitors every 10µF giving 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and so on. That seems fine, but what happens when you reach 1000? It would be pointless to make 1000, 1010, 1020, 1030 and so on because for these values 10 is a very small difference, too small to be noticeable in most circuits and capacitors cannot be made with that accuracy.

To produce a sensible range of capacitor values you need to increase the size of the 'step' as the value increases. The standard capacitor values are based on this idea and they form a series which follows the same pattern for every multiple of ten.

The E3 series (3 values for each multiple of ten)
10, 22, 47, ... then it continues 100, 220, 470, 1000, 2200, 4700, 10000 etc.
Notice how the step size increases as the value increases (values roughly double each time).

The E6 series (6 values for each multiple of ten)
10, 15, 22, 33, 47, 68, ... then it continues 100, 150, 220, 330, 470, 680, 1000 etc.
Notice how this is the E3 series with an extra value in the gaps.

The E3 series is the one most frequently used for capacitors because many types cannot be made with very accurate values.

Variable capacitors

Variable capacitors are mostly used in radio tuning circuits and they are sometimes called 'tuning capacitors'. They have very small capacitance values, typically between 100pF and 500pF (100pF = 0.0001µF). The type illustrated usually has trimmers built in (for making small adjustments - see below) as well as the main variable capacitor.

Many variable capacitors have very short spindles which are not suitable for the standard knobs used for variable resistors and rotary switches. It would be wise to check that a suitable knob is available before ordering a variable capacitor.

Variable capacitors are not normally used in timing circuits because their capacitance is too small to be practical and the range of values available is very limited. Instead timing circuits use a fixed capacitor and a variable resistor if it is necessary to vary the time period.

Trimmer capacitors

Trimmer capacitors (trimmers) are miniature variable capacitors. They are designed to be mounted directly onto the circuit board and adjusted only when the circuit is built.

A small screwdriver or similar tool is required to adjust trimmers. The process of adjusting them requires patience because the presence of your hand and the tool will slightly change the capacitance of the circuit in the region of the trimmer!

Trimmer capacitors are only available with very small capacitances, normally less than 100pF. It is impossible to reduce their capacitance to zero, so they are usually specified by their minimum and maximum values, for example 2-10pF.

Trimmers are the capacitor equivalent of presets which are miniature variable resistors.

AC and DC

2009-09-06T17:00:00.006+08:00

AC means Alternating Current and DC means Direct Current. AC and DC are also used when referring to voltages and electrical signals which are not currents! For example: a 12V AC power supply has an alternating voltage (which will make an alternating current flow). An electrical signal is a voltage or current which conveys information, usually it means a voltage. The term can be used for any voltage or current in a circuit.

Alternating Current (AC)

Alternating Current (AC) flows one way, then the other way, continually reversing direction.

An AC voltage is continually changing between positive (+) and negative (-).

The rate of changing direction is called the frequency of the AC and it is measured in hertz (Hz) which is the number of forwards-backwards cycles per second.

Mains electricity in the UK has a frequency of 50Hz.

See below for more details of signal properties.

An AC supply is suitable for powering some devices such as lamps and heaters but almost all electronic circuits require a steady DC supply (see below).

Direct Current (DC)

Direct Current (DC) always flows in the same direction, but it may increase and decrease.

A DC voltage is always positive (or always negative), but it may increase and decrease.

Electronic circuits normally require a steady DC supply which is constant at one value or a smooth DC supply which has a small variation called ripple.

Cells, batteries and regulated power supplies provide steady DC which is ideal for electronic circuits.

Power supplies contain a transformer which converts the ma

ins AC supply to a safe low voltage AC. Then the AC is converted to DC by a bridge rectifier but the output is varying DC which is unsuitable for electronic circuits.

Some power supplies include a capacitor to provide smooth DC which is suitable for less-sensitive electronic circuits, including most of the projects on this website.

Lamps, heaters and motors will work with any DC supply.

Please see the Power Supplies page for further information.

Power supplies are also covered by the Electronics in Meccano website

September 4 2009 - Activity

2009-09-04T23:48:00.000+08:00

September 2 2009 - Activity

2009-09-04T02:18:00.000+08:00

September 1 2009 - Activity

2009-09-04T02:17:00.000+08:00

August 30 2009 - Activity

2009-09-04T02:16:00.000+08:00

August 27 2009 - Activity

2009-09-04T02:15:00.000+08:00

August 20 2009 - Activity

2009-09-04T02:14:00.000+08:00

August 19 2009 - Activity

2009-09-04T02:13:00.000+08:00

August 18 2009 - Activity

2009-09-04T02:11:00.000+08:00

August 16 2009 - Activity

2009-09-04T02:10:00.000+08:00

August 15 2009 - Activity

2009-09-04T02:07:00.001+08:00

Karan and Arjun

2009-06-26T14:38:00.001+08:00

Durga is the mother of two sons Karan and Arjun Singh, who raised them up in a rural Indian village. One day, when the brothers visit their rich grandfather at his mansion for the first time in twenty years, they are killed by the jealous Thakur Durjan Singh, who wishes to own the entire family's wealth and Parental mansion himself. Durga refuses to accept the loss of her sons, and goes to the temple to pray to the Hindu goddess to return her sons to her for them to average her humiliation and to take revenge against Durjan Singh. Seventeen years later, two look-alike in Ajay and Vijay enters Durga's life as Karan and Arjun and attempts to take revenge against Durjan Singh, not knowing that both will reach the same fate as Karan and Arjun as Durjan has now formed his own gang and has more high-tech weapons to eliminate his enemies.

Watch Online By Clicking Here!

Camfrog Video Chat 5.3.208

2009-06-15T15:20:00.001+08:00

Camfrog Video Chat allows you to join real streaming video chat rooms where you can hear, see, and chat with many people at a time. Instant message a user to get to know them before you Webcam chat, and add them to your contact list. This videoconferencing software also works behind most firewalls and routers. Camfrog Video Chat allows multi-user videoconferencing where you can join a room with up to 1000 users and just click a user name to begin seeing someone. Press the 'talk' button to talk to the entire room with audio. The video chat rooms are hosted by broadband users who are running the Camfrog Video Chat Room Server software so any user can set up their own multi-user video conference for other users to join. No Webcam is required to see people, but some rooms might not allow users without Webcams. Camfrog Video Chat is optimized for broadband users so it has fast video.

Version 5.3.208 fixed an audio problem some Camfrog users were experiencing.

Download Link

LimeWire 5.1.3

2009-06-15T15:19:00.003+08:00

LimeWire is a P2P file-sharing application for all types of computer files, including music, video, pictures, games, and text documents. Other features include dynamic querying, file previews during download, advanced techniques for locating rare files, and an easy, clean user interface.

LimeWire's new spam blocker gets rid of junk results, and automatic updates will keep you sharing faster than ever with the latest version. You can search for Creative Commons and Weedshare licensed files, and publish your own creative works with Creative Commons licensing. LimeWire continues its guarantee of no adware or spyware. Includes built-in bittorent support.

Version 5.1.3 fixes a bug with the single file sharing widget, a rendering bug with the share widget, and removed the check box for the multi file sharing widget.

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Ad-Aware Anniversary Edition 8.0

2009-06-15T15:19:00.002+08:00

With behavior-based threat detection and integrated real-time monitoring, Ad-Aware Anniversary Edition focuses on core consumer security needs. Instead of adding layers of bells and whistles--thereby slowing your computer and scans down--we have decided to focus on what really matters. Anniversary Edition provides advanced threat protection, and is significantly lighter and faster than our previous versions.

Numerous changes in Ad-Aware Anniversary Edition include: Behavior-based heuristical detection; Ad-Watch Live! integrated real-time protection; Customizable Profile Scans and full integration with Windows Security Center.

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Avast Home Edition Free 4.8.1335.90414

2009-06-15T15:18:00.001+08:00

Avast Home Edition is a complete ICSA & Checkmark certified antivirus, Checkmark certified anti-spyware & anti-rootkit package. Avast includes the following components: On demand scanner with skinnable simple interface, just select what do you want to scan in which way and press the Play button; On access scanner, special providers to protect the most of available e-mail clients; Instant messaging--ICQ, Miranda; Network traffic--intrusion detection, lightweight firewall; P2P protection for Kazaa, BitTorrent; Web shield--monitors and filters all HTTP traffic; NNTP scanner--scans all Usenet Newsgroup traffic and all operations with files on PC; Boot time scanner--scans disks in the same way and in the same time as Windows CHKDSK does.

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Avira AntiVir Personal - Free Antivirus 9.0.0.394

2009-06-15T15:17:00.001+08:00

Avira AntiVir Personal Free Antivirus is a comprehensive, easy to use antivirus program, designed to offer reliable free of charge virus protection to home-users only. Avira offers: Extensive Malware Recognition of viruses, Trojans, backdoor programs, worms; Automatic incremental updates of antivirus signatures, engine and entire software; Permanent virus protection, with Virus Guard real time monitoring; Install and configuration in just a couple of steps, setup to protect your PC in minutes; Virus protection against known and unknown threats, using an advanced heuristic system; Scheduler where you can set the scanner to make automatic virus scans or updates on your system; Forum and phone support; Knowledge Base with virus descriptions available on web site; Rootkit Detection and Removal; A modularized AV-search engine for improved scan performance.

Version 9 introduces a quick-removal button for eliminating viruses with a single click, enhanced anti-spyware and anti-adware engines, and support for low resolution netbook screens.

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AVG Anti-Virus Free Edition 8.5.364

2009-06-15T15:14:00.001+08:00

AVG Free Edition is the well-known antivirus protection tool. AVG Free is available free of charge to home users for the life of the product. Rapid virus database updates are available for the lifetime of the product, thereby providing the high level of detection capability that millions of users around the world trust to protect their computers. AVG Free is easy to use and will not slow your system down (low system resource requirements. Highlights include automatic update functionality, the AVG Resident Shield, which provides real-time protection as files are opened and programs are run, free Virus Database Updates for the lifetime of the product, and AVG Virus Vault for safe handling of infected files.

Download Link

YouTube Downloader v2.1.6

2009-06-14T19:15:00.001+08:00

YouTube Downloader is a software program that allows you to download videos from YouTube and many others and convert them to other video formats. The program is easy to use, just specify the URL for the video you want to download and click the Ok button! It also allows you to convert downloaded videos for iPod, iPhone, PSP, Cell Phone, Windows Media, XVid and MP3.

News:
Allows you to download an artist?s MP3 file from MySpace!
Example: http://www.myspace.com/artistwebpage

Features:
* Download videos from YouTube, Google Video, MySpaceTV and many others
* Allows you to access YouTube videos for which you need to be 18+ years of age
* Converts video for Ipod, Iphone, PSP, Cell Phone, Windows Media, XVid and MP3
* Provides the ability to cut and select the output quality of converted videos
* Uses the FFmpeg engine to convert the videos
* Plays videos downloaded in Flash
* Extremely easy to use

Now download video clips from more than 50+ web sites:
123video, AdultTube, AOL Video, badjojo, BeeDeo, Blip, Bolt, Break, ClipShack, College Humor, DailyMotion, EyeSpot, FileCabinet, FLURL, GoFish,
Google Video, Grinvi, Grouper, Guba, iFilm, Jumpcut, LiveVideo, Lulu, etc..

Download Link

VLC media player 0.9.9

2009-06-14T19:14:00.001+08:00

If you play a lot of video and use Windows Media Player, you've probably come across a number of files that you can't play, you're told you need to have a codec to handle them. Good luck finding that codec. Instead, try the VLC media player. This software plays pretty much every media type you can think of and likely a few you haven't imagined. Not only will it play audio and video formats, but it will also play DVDs, VCDs, and many streaming protocols.

* It is a free cross-platform media player
* It supports a large number of multimedia formats, without the need for additional codecs
* It can also be used as a streaming server, with extended features (video on demand, on the fly transcoding, ...)

*This player plays everything, no need for installing codecs or dealing with the crap the big guys serve you.

* GNU License - REAL Freeware FOREVER

GET IT!

Download Link

OpenOffice.org v2.3.1

2009-06-14T19:13:00.001+08:00

The OpenOffice.org mission statement: to create, as a community, the leading international office suite that will run on all major platforms and provide access to all functionality and data through open-component based APIs and an XML-based file format.

Download Link

Quick Media Converter v3.5.7

2009-06-14T19:12:00.001+08:00

Quick Media Converter is a free, very powerful and complete video and audio conversion software. Converts to and from most formats including but not restricted to : Video: flv,avi,divx,xvid,mpeg4,ipod,iphone,psp,3GP,3G2,AVI,DIVX,XVID,TS,DVD, VCD,MPEG,Mpeg2,Mpeg4, mp4,vob ,mov,h264,h263, wmv. Thumbnail capture as converting video according to the time you set (5s-59sec) conversion for video games consoles Xbox XBox 360,Wii, PSP , PS3 Audio : MP3,WAV,amr,m4a, ,wma QMC also allows you to record videos in or take pictures from your Web cam or DV Cam flux ,in avi divx format and then convert it to any format you want. Batch Conversions are supported Contains its own codecs no need for Addons Has its own multi format media player (ffplay) Based on FFmpeg open source code by Fabrice Bellard uses its own codec library, there is no need to install extra codec packs Includes screen activity and audio recorder (Camstudio) for demos and tutorials in avi.

Download Link

Audacity 1.2.6

2009-06-14T19:11:00.001+08:00

Audacity is an open-source, multi-track sound editor and recorder for Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. It can open and save MP3, Ogg Vorbis, WAV, and AIFF files. Built-in effects include noise removal and time/pitch changing. Unlimited undo/redo.

Download Link

Winamp 5.53

2009-06-14T19:10:00.001+08:00

Winamp, the ultimate freeware media player, allows you to manage and play audio and video files, rip and burn CDs, enjoy free music, access and share your music and videos remotely, and sync your music to your iPod , Creative, and Microsoft Plays for Sure devices . Winamp features album art support, streams audio and video content, and provides access to thousands of online radio stations and podcasts.
Can play but also output to wav files. Winamp supports MP3, MP2, MOD, S3M, MTM, ULT, XM, IT, 669, CD-Audio, Line-In, WAV, VOC, and other audio formats, custom interfaces called skins, and audio visualization and audio effect plug-ins.

* Winamp 5.51 features our new Bento Skin that's easier to use and more powerful than ever.
* Easily access the Media Library, Playlist Editor, Video, Visualizations, Media Monitor Browser, EQ, Skin Options and Color Themes all from one single user interface.
* Includes over 20 color themes that suit nearly every mood or occasion!
* Winamp 5.5 carries forward the unobtrusive "Window Shade" mode.

* A Completely Redesigned Interface, including Album Art
* Multiple device support, including iPods
* Access and Share Your Music and Videos with Winamp Remote
* Play and Playlist the Best Music on the Web with Media Monitor
* Get Artist & Concert News, Videos & more with Smart Search
* Enjoy Dynamic Song Recommendations
* Experience MP3 Surround Sound Support
* Access to Thousands of Online Radio Stations, Videos and More!
* 50 FREE MP3 Music Downloads compliments of eMusic's

Download Link

IrfanView 4.23

2009-06-14T19:09:00.001+08:00

IrfanView is a "fast" FREEWARE image viewer/converter

Supported file formats:
AIF, ANI/CUR, ASF, AU/SND, AVI, B3D, BMP/DIB, CAM (Casio JPG), CLP, DDS,
Dicom/ACR, DJVU, ECW, EMF/WMF, EPS, FlashPix (FPX), FSH, G3, GIF,
ICO/ICL/EXE/DLL, IFF/LBM, IMG (GEM), JPG2000, JPG, JPM, KDC, LDF, LWF, MED,
MID/RMI, MNG/JNG, MOV, MP3, MPG, MrSID, NLM/NOL/NGG, OGG, PBM/PGM/PPM, PCX/DCX,
PhotoCD, PNG, PSD, PSP, RAS/SUN, RAW, Real Audio (RA), RLE, SFF, SFW, SGI/RGB,
SWF (Flash/Shockwave), TGA, TIF, TTF, TXT, WAD, WAV, WBMP, WBZ/WBC, XBM, XPM,
CRW, NEF, ORF, RAF, MRW, DCR, DXF etc.

Microsoft Media Player PlugIn: allows IrfanView to read following
formats: ASF, AU/SND/AIF, AVI, DAT (Video CD), MID/RMI, MOV, MP3,
MPG/MPEG, WAV, WMA, WMV.

Support for Apple QuickTime (PlugIn): allows IrfanView to read following
formats: MOV, QTIF, Mac PICT, FLI/FLC.

Some features of IrfanView:
Multi language support, Thumbnail option, preview option, slideshow,
drag & drop support, fast directory view (moving through directory),
batch conversion, email option, audio CD player, print option,
change color depth, scan support, cut/crop, IPTC edit,
effects (sharpen, blur, Adobe Photoshop filters), capturing,
extract icons from EXE/DLL/ICLs, lossless JPG rotation, EXE/SCR creating,
many hotkeys, many command line options, many plugins ...

IrfanView was the first Windows graphic viewer (worldwide) with Animated-GIF
support !

FREEWARE for non commercial use !

Enjoy ! :-)

Download Link

Paint.NET 3.35

2009-06-13T20:47:00.001+08:00

Paint.NET is free image and photo editing software featuring an intuitive and innovative user interface with support for layers, unlimited undo, special effects, and a wide variety of useful and powerful tools. An active and growing online community provides friendly help, tutorials, and plugins.

It started development as an undergraduate college senior design project mentored by Microsoft, and is currently being maintained by some of the alumni that originally worked on it. Originally intended as a free replacement for the Microsoft Paint software that comes with Windows, it has grown into a powerful yet simple image and photo editor tool. It has been compared to other digital photo editing software packages such as Adobe® Photoshop®, Corel® Paint Shop Pro®, Microsoft Photo Editor, and The GIMP.

The programming language used to create Paint.NET is C#, with a small amount of C++ for installation and shell-integration related functionality. The source code is available under the terms of the MIT License.

Needs .NET Framework 2.0

Download Link

SpyBot Search & Destroy 1.52

2009-06-13T20:46:00.001+08:00

Spybot - Search & Destroy detects and removes spyware, a relatively new kind of threat not yet covered by common anti-virus applications. Spyware silently tracks your surfing behaviour to create a marketing profile for you that is transmitted without your knowledge to the compilers and sold to advertising companies. If you see new toolbars in your Internet Explorer that you haven't intentionally installed, if your browser crashes inexplicably, or if your home page has been "hijacked" (or changed without your knowledge), your computer is most probably infected with spyware. Even if you don't see the symptoms, your computer may be infected, because more and more spyware is emerging. Spybot-S&D is free, so there's no harm giving it a try to see if something has invaded your computer.

Download Link

CCleaner v2.17.763

2009-06-13T20:44:00.001+08:00

CCleaner is a freeware system optimization and privacy tool. It removes unused files from your system - allowing Windows to run faster and freeing up valuable hard disk space. It also cleans traces of your online activities such as your Internet history. But the best part is that it's fast (normally taking less than a second to run) and contains NO Spyware or Adware!

Cleans the following
Internet Explorer
Temporary files, URL history, cookies, Autocomplete form history, index.dat.
Firefox
Temporary files, URL history, cookies, download history.
Opera
Temporary files, URL history, cookies.
Windows
Recycle Bin, Recent Documents, Temporary files and Log files.
Registry cleaner
Advanced features to remove unused and old entries, including File Extensions, ActiveX Controls, ClassIDs, ProgIDs, Uninstallers, Shared DLLs, Fonts, Help Files, Application Paths, Icons, Invalid Shortcuts and more... also comes with a comprehensive backup feature.
Third-party applications
Removes temp files and recent file lists (MRUs) from many apps including Media Player, eMule, Kazaa, Google Toolbar, Netscape, MS Office, Nero, Adobe Acrobat, WinRAR, WinAce, WinZip and many more...

Download Link

Registry Repair 2.7

2009-06-13T20:43:00.001+08:00

Registry Repair is an advanced registry cleaner for Windows that allows you to safely scan, clean, and repair registry problems.Problems with the Windows registry are a common cause of Windows crashes and error messages.These problems can occur for many reasons including being left-behind after the un-installation or incorrect removal of software, by missing or corrupt hardware drivers, or orphaned startup programs. Registry Repair uses a high-performance detection algorithm to quickly identify missing and invalid references in your Windows registry and allows you to fix your registry and optimize your PCs performance with a few simple mouse clicks.

Download Link

LanTopolog v1.13

2009-06-13T20:41:00.001+08:00

LanTopolog is a freeware application that provides physical network topology discovery, visualization and monitoring.

Key features:
- Automatic physical network topology discovery based on SNMP
- Provide detailed and searchable physical network topology map so you can quickly isolate network connectivity failures
- Topology views show which network devices are connected to each switch port; port connections are labeled with port numbers
- Ability to auto-discovery new devices at they are added to your network
- LanTopolog also includes network monitoring tools
- Monitoring device's state (active/inactive) in real-time using ICMP
- Generating alarms when there are failures in the network.
- E-mail alerts notifying
- Web browser-based access from anywhere in the network
- Easy-to-use interface

Download Link

CDBurnerXP 4.0

2009-06-13T20:40:00.001+08:00

CDBurnerXP is a free application to burn CDs and DVDs, including Blu-Ray and HD-DVDs. It also includes the feature to burn and create ISOs, as well as a multilanguage interface.

Detailed list of features:

* burn any Data on CD-R/CD-RW/DVD+R/DVD-R/DVD+RW/DVD-RW, including double layer mediums
* create bootable discs
* verify written Data automatically after burning process
* save your compilations for creation of backups
* import previous (ISO 9660) sessions and edit existing file structure on CD/DVD
* quick- and full-erase disc
* copy data discs (possible copy-protection is not bypassed)
* retrieve recorder and disc information
* create Audio-CDs from mp3, wav, ogg, flac and wma files
* add single or multiple tracks from existing audio-CDs directly to your new compilation without ripping tracks before (add cda-files)
* play audio-files with integrated audio player
* gapless audio-CDs supported (disc-at-once-mode)
* import M3U or WPL playlists
* create your own ISO files
* convert bin- and nrg-files to ISO
* save CDs/DVDs as ISO file to
* simple cover printing feature for data- and audio-discs
* multi-language interface
* online update

Download Link

SUPER 2009.35

2009-06-13T20:39:00.001+08:00

SUPER Simplified Universal Player Encoder & Renderer. This free software is as simple as all in one encoders, renderers, converters can be, yet it's a very efficient tool to convert (encode) or play any Multimedia file, without reading manuals or spending long hours training, then SUPER is all you need.
It is a Multimedia Encoder and a Multimedia Player, easy-to-use with 1 simple click.

It plays & converts very fast full length movies
to any other format with NO time limitation.

SUPER does NOT require any additional external codec to
be installed, absolutely nothing. Necessary codecs are built in!

SUPER can also play and save Internet Media Streams
Supported input source file formats are:

- Video format: 3gp/3g2(Nokia,Siemens,Sony,Ericsson) asf, avi (DivX,H263,H263+,H264,XviD,MPEG4,MSmpeg4 etc..), dat,
fli, flc, flv (used in Flash), mkv, mpg (Mpeg I,Mpeg II), mov(H263,H263+,H264,MPEG4 etc..), mp4(H263,H263+,H264,MPEG4), ogg,
qt, rm, ram, rmvb, str (Play Station), swf (Flash), ts (HDTV), viv, vob, wmv

- Audio format: ac3, amr, mp2, mp3, mp4, mpc, ogg, ra, wav, wma

Requires the Microsoft .NET Framework

Download Link

avast! 4 Home Edition 4.8.1169

2009-06-13T20:38:00.001+08:00

avast! 4 Home Edition is a freeware antivirus software for home noncommercial use. It scans for viruses, worms and Trojans. avast! obtained multiple VB100% award in Virus Bulletin reviews.
avast! scans: On Demand - with Skinnable Simple Interface, during Boot Time and On Access. It protects E-mail, ICQ, mIRC, Kazaa etc. It maintains Virus Chest.
True incremental updates based on iAVS technology update virus definition at least twice a week.

Download Link

Joomla! 1.5.11

2009-06-13T20:35:00.001+08:00

Joomla! is a powerful Open Source Content Management System for building professional web sites easily. It is often the system of choice for small business or home users who want a professional looking site that's simple to deploy and use.

It can deliver a robust enterprise-level Web site as well, empowered by endless extensibility for your bespoke publishing needs. Joomla! is different from the normal models for content management software.

For a start, it's not complicated. Joomla! has been developed for everybody, and anybody can develop it further. Similarly to the Firefox browser, the core system can be extended via easily installable add-ons authored by the developer community.

The comprehensive internationalization of Joomla! 1.5.x supports right to left languages (e.g. Hebrew or Arab) and extended character sets. Dozens of language packs can be separately downloaded.

Download Link

Picture Watermarker

2009-02-13T11:36:00.001+08:00

PAMO Picture Watermarker easily add a text, a date or a logo on your pictures. The pic you took with your digital camera will then be when you put it on the intermet! It is the easiest way to be known. You could put your email address or website, etc...

Link:
Download Trial or Buy Now!

PAMO Incoming Files Automatic Move

2009-02-13T11:35:00.001+08:00

You choose the file extension, the incoming and the destination folder. Then IFAM will automatically move the files arriving in the incoming folder to the destination folders. This is very useful for FTP server or PTP software.

Link:
Download Trial or Buy Now!

Obtaining Adoption Records

2009-02-13T11:32:00.003+08:00

Thinking for adoption? Well, getting started with searching for the right family member is one of the biggest hurdles you can ever go through life. Finding the right information is no doubt difficult, but this doesn’t mean that there’s no hope for you to find the right child whom you can call as your own. Perhaps the most important move you can ever take is to find and obtain adoption records.

Adoption records are kept by the state, courts and agencies today. However, it may take time for you to find the right information to back you up with you adoption plans as adoption records are not easily released for public use. So if you are really serious with adoption, then you better exert efforts and time to search for ways to obtain adoption records. There are a lot of options you can consider, after all.

So, what are these options? Well, below are some tips for you to consider, so please read on.

Know the Laws

Adoption laws are state laws, so it’s understandable that they differ from state to state, or from country to country. So when doing your adoption records search, make sure that you know the laws behind the process. Note that in most states, the laws regarding the release of identifying and non-identifying information about adoption do vary. There are some that restricts people from accessing the adoption records. There are certain requirements for you to meet in order to access the records, and that include basically your age. So check with the laws and know who can request information, how and what types of information are accessible.

Search and Know Your Intentions

When opting to request adoption records, it is very important to know that you are prepared, physically and emotionally, as possible. Search and know that you are searching. Note and understand that searching for adoption records can sometimes be frustrating as the search can take time, money and a great deal of interest and determination. It can take days, weeks, months or even years, or it can never be successful. So be ready and understand the possible consequences.

Gather Information

When opting to find and obtain adoption records, it’s best that you gather information as possible. Begin with your basic information, your birth date, place and year of adoption and anything else that you need to know. Also, ask for information from your parents and other relatives and family friends for you might be surprised of how much information they know. To top it all, do you best and concentrate on what you really believe to be true.

Write a Petition

Writing a petition to access adoption records is perhaps the most important thing to do. You can write a letter to the state, agency or attorney, but be ready to spend extra money. Also, include your personal information, present location, medical situations, and your reason for contacts, and know exactly whom you are writing to.

Desktop Wallpaper Timer

2009-02-13T11:32:00.002+08:00

Desktop Wallpaper Timer allows you to enhance your desktop by changing your wallpaper automatically. You can set up a timer and an image playlistand Desktop Wallpaper Timer will change your desktop wallpaper according to your settings. Desktop Wallpaper Timer is easy to use and is completely invisible while working. Some useful options can be found such as the "safe mode" which will change immediatly your wallpaper with a neutral image.

Link:
Download Trial or Buy Now!

Where to Find Adoption Grants

2009-02-13T11:31:00.003+08:00

Many families thinking for adoption have backed out in their adoption plans for one particular reason – adoption costs a lot and they cannot afford to pay them. Thanks, however, to some organizations out there that adoption grants were considered and offered to support couples and families who wish to adopt.

The adoption grants are basically a form of finance aid commonly offered by all states to assist couples and parents who wish to adopt and manage living with their adopted children. Most of the adoption grants are available for domestic adoptions only, but there are some that offer grants for international adoption purposes. Those who usually handle adoption grants internationally are private sectors of the society.

Now, if you happen to be one of those thousands of people out there planning for adoption, but is bothered by financial constraints, then considering adoption grants could no doubt be the right move for you to take. You can find these financial aids anywhere on earth as almost a hundred organizations today are offering this. However, it is very important to note and understand first the terms and conditions maintained by these grants as there are some that are restricted to certain types of children or adoptions. There are also others that are only available to any prospective parents who are able to meet with the criteria set by the organization they are dealing with. So, make sure you know the adoption grants’ coverage, limitations and requirements.

Below is a short list of some of the organizations offering adoption grants for those who wish to adopt and support their adopted child. Consider the following:

Acres of Hope, Inc.

The Acres of Hope, Inc. is one of the most recognized non-profit charitable foundations that are dedicated to providing educational information and parent to parent support to families and couples dealing with children of emotional and physical challenges. This organization also offers emotional support, advocacy services, loan program, and financial assistance for such kind of families. And, as a grant organization, Acres of Hope, Inc. seeks to promote greater community acceptance, understanding and support for families considering adoption. They now offer adoption grants and other financial aids to make that mission possible.

National Adoption Foundation

The National Adoption Foundation currently offers programs for adoption grants, although limited. Aside from this, they also offers unsecured loans through a revolving $9 million loan bank for those who are thinking or planning for adopting a child, but can’t afford to support the adoption process and the costs.

The International Adoption Center

The International Adoption Center is but another organization that provides adoption grants to those families that qualify for the adoption process. As far as I know, they offer adoption grants of up to $1,000 per couple. However, for families or couples to avail this offer, they need to write a letter stating the nature of the financial need. This letter must be submitted to the organization itself, along with the supporting documents that can be considered for the decision making.

Adoption Registry Online

2009-02-13T11:31:00.002+08:00

Are you an adopted? Have you placed a child for adoption? Or, do you have a sibling who happens to be an adopted? If you happen to belong in any of these categories and want to find out more about your birth family, then you might need an adoption registry.

But what exactly is an adoption registry?

As commonly defined, an adoption registry is a database that contains information about adoptee, birth mothers, birth fathers, adoptive family members, and anything related to adoption. The information contained is usually made available to the public, thus they can are highly searchable or can be easily retrieved by search engines online. However, it is very necessary to note that the adoption registry differs by state or by country. Given this fact, it is then important to make sure that you know exactly what adoption registry you are looking at.

To mention but a few, I have a list below of the most well-known and well-ranked registries for adoption. These registries are highly accessible online, provided that you are registered as a member. If you want to know your family and trace your roots, then try to consider the following for your birth family information might be listed in one of these adoption registries.

Reunion Registry

The Reunion Registry actually list adoptees by their city, state and birth date. Here, all of the current entries in their database will be shown to you based on the category you have entered in your request. The result will then include the city, the state and date of birth of the person or family you wish to learn more. But, according to Reunion Registry itself, the best way to find satisfactory information about a particular subject is to search for the information based on the person’s date of birth.

Adoption Database Registry

The Adoption Database registry contains information about adoptees, birth families and adoptive birth family members, making them one of the most useful registries available. Perhaps what sets this adoption registry great is that that entries contained can easily be retrieved by search engines. Also, they have covered more than a thousand finds and if for instance an inquiry be made on your registration, the management will send you a notification of your search. Nevertheless, to speed up the results, the Adoption Database registry maintains that one should update the contact information as possible. And, for you to be able to access their adoption registry, you need first to register as a member.

G’S United States Adoption Registry

The G’S United States Adoption Registry is finally out there to give you further information about your adoptive parents, or yourself, being an adoptee. Here, you can search and find information about a particular birth family by state. All you need to do is to register as a member and simply click on the links provided in their site. Be sure to read the instructions for using their adoption registry.

Effects of Adoption

2009-02-13T11:30:00.003+08:00

Adoption is an enduring process that bonds birth families, adoptees and adoptive families forever. Just like the other processes that involve family matters, adoption has a number of effects that can be seen in this triad relationship. The adoptive parents, birth parents and of course the adoptees are highly affected by this condition, thus one should understand each other to make the adoption process and the relationship smooth as possible.

Let’s take a look at the effects of adoption to these triad members.

Effects of Adoption to Birthparents

Numerous researches have revealed that on the part of birthparents, the ones who are highly affected by adoption are the birthmothers. One of the most heartbreaking effects of adoption is so far the tendency of birthmothers to have an intensive monologue with the fetus during pregnancy. This may also include that common fantasy of mothers in which they and their newborn baby can be rescued from the relinquishment.

Aside from those mentioned effects of adoption, several studies tell us that about 60% of the birthmothers felt that they were pressured into giving up their babies. 40% of these mothers have felt surrendering their newborn infants against their will. Well, most of these mothers are unwed and according to them, they were forced to surrender to babies for adoption as they were told not to come home until they get rid of the problem. As you may know, bearing a child out of wedlock is intolerable by society, and this is by far one of the most common factors that trigger birthmothers to submit their babies for adoption. So sad, but real!

Effects of Adoption to Adoptees

Aside from birthmothers, the adoptees are also deeply affected by adoption. Generally, the effects of adoption to the adoptees are said to be noticeable by many, but is sometimes extreme with others. The effects of adoption to the adoptees then vary a great deal.

Well, according to some researches, one of the most noticeable effects of adoption to the adoptees is vulnerability. Adoptees are shown to be vulnerable, thus a unique pattern of behavior is often observed. Most experts label this behavioral change as the “adopted child syndrome”.

The adopted children, after knowing the adoption, tend to show off certain disabilities in learning. Some of the experts consider this as an organic brain syndrome. In relation to this, most of those mental health professionals who have conducted studies on the effects of adoption were surprised to detect an alarming rate of their patients who happen to be adopted children.

There are other well-known effects of adoption to the adoptees, including the tendency to seek for alternative lifestyles, difficulties with drug and alcohol abuse, eating disorders, infertility, attention deficit disorder, untimely pregnancies, and worst of all, suicide.

Effects of Adoption to Adoptive Parents

There are little known effects of adoption to the adoptive parents. What are only noted is the tendency of the adoptive parents to worry for the child to know the adoption, and sometimes a feeling of guilt and depression knowing that they are not the real parents of their child. Most of the effects of adoption to the adoptive parents are tolerable, however.